579317 research-article2015

POI0010.1177/0309364615579317Prosthetics and Orthotics InternationalGretsch et al.

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PROSTHETICS AND ORTHOTICS

Technical Note

Development of novel 3D-printed robotic prosthetic for transradial amputees

Prosthetics and Orthotics International 1­–4 © The International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0309364615579317 poi.sagepub.com

Kendall F Gretsch1, Henry D Lather1, Kranti V Peddada1, Corey R Deeken2, Lindley B Wall2 and Charles A Goldfarb2

Abstract Background and aim: Upper extremity myoelectric prostheses are expensive. The Robohand demonstrated that threedimensional printing reduces the cost of a prosthetic extremity. The goal of this project was to develop a novel, inexpensive three-dimensional printed prosthesis to address limitations of the Robohand. Technique: The prosthesis was designed for patients with transradial limb amputation. It is shoulder-controlled and externally powered with an anthropomorphic terminal device. The user can open and close all five fingers, and move the thumb independently. The estimated cost is US$300. Discussion: After testing on a patient with a traumatic transradial amputation, several advantages were noted. The independent thumb movement facilitated object grasp, the device weighed less than most externally powered prostheses, and the size was easily scalable. Limitations of the new prosthetic include low grip strength and decreased durability compared to passive prosthetics. Clinical relevance Most children with a transradial congenital or traumatic amputation do not use a prosthetic. A three-dimensional printed shoulder-controlled robotic prosthesis provides a cost effective, easily sized and highly functional option which has been previously unavailable. Keywords Transradial amputation, three-dimensional printing, prosthesis, prosthetic arm, limb differences, congenital Date received: 11 August 2014; accepted: 2 March 2015

Background and aim In 2005, approximately 541,000 Americans were living with upper limb differences.1 Upper limb differences can be congenital or the result of an amputation. In the United States, it is estimated that about 15 out of 100,000 newborns are affected with congenital upper limb anomalies, and 6000– 10,000 people undergo upper limb amputations each year.1,2 Upper extremity prostheses are expensive. The average cost of body-powered prosthesis ranges from US$4000– US$8000 while externally powered prostheses are more expensive, often US$25,000–US$50,000.3 The high cost of upper extremity prostheses is an especially large economic barrier for families because as a child grows, socket and liner modifications and new prosthetics are regularly required. The application of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to prosthetic arm development is a promising avenue for cost reduction. In 2011, Richard Van As and Ivan Owen developed a prosthesis with 3D-printed parts,

the ‘Robohand’. This prosthesis utilises wrist motion, the tenodesis affect, to open and close mechanical fingers. The project is open source, allowing anyone with access to a 3D printer to print the parts independently. Alternatively, patients can pay US$2000 to buy a fully assembled device from Robohand.4 The Robohand has two significant limitations. First, only patients with a functioning wrist can use the device. And second, the prosthetic is limited to opening and closing all five fingers simultaneously. The goal of this project 1Washington 2Washington

University, St. Louis, MO, USA University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

Corresponding author: Charles A Goldfarb, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63109, USA. Email: [email protected]

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was to design an inexpensive, 3D-printed prosthetic arm to address the Robohand’s limitations. Our externally powered design provides independent thumb movement in addition to opening and closing the fingers, and can be used by patients with transradial-level limb differences. A prototype of this design was built and tested on a patient.

Technique Design overview The overall design is a shoulder-controlled, externally powered, 3D-printed prosthetic arm with a voluntaryopen, anthropomorphic terminal device (Figure 1(a)). An inertial measurement unit (IMU) assesses shoulder movements, and a microcontroller activates motors in the hand if the correct movements are sensed. The user can open and close the entire hand by moving the shoulder up and down, respectively, or open/close only the thumb with a pattern of forward and backward shoulder movements. The hand is held closed by elastic cables that run through the lower parts of the fingers. When the motors activate, cables running through the upper parts of the fingers are put under tension, and the hand opens. The estimated weight of the prosthesis is 240 g with a cost of US$300.

Mechanical design The individual parts were designed in Autodesk Inventor (Autodesk, Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA) and printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic on a MakerGear M2 desktop 3D printer (MakerGear LLC; Beachwood, OH, USA). A computer-aided design (CAD) assembly drawing of the arm is shown in Figure 1(b) and (c). Hand.  The hand has five fingers, each with 2 degrees of freedom. In addition to the fingers, the hand has a palmblock. This acts as the palm of the hand and has a backstop to help grasp objects. Based on measurements of the affected and unaffected limbs, the final designs can be scaled appropriately for each user before printing. This ensures that the hand size matches the sound limb. The cabling is 1 mm elastic cord and 0.15 mm bead weaving thread that is designed to resist stretch over time. Electronics compartment. The electronics compartment consists of a top and bottom component. The bottom of the electronics compartment holds the motors, microcontroller, voltage regulator and wiring components. The top has an area for the battery and covers the bottom component. The two parts are held together by Velcro®. This allows the top to be easily detached when the battery needs to be removed and charged. Socket.  The socket is made of ABS plastic and attaches the prosthesis to the residual limb and directly connects to the

Figure 1.  (a) Complete prosthesis. Cable connects shoulder motion sensor (i) to the electronics compartment. Top of electronics compartment (ii) shown detached. Clear plastic (iii) is the custom socket interface, (b) Computer-rendering of arm, with top detached and (c) Computer-rending of hand, with backstop (iv).

electronics compartment. The socket is custom-made and 3D-printed for each user to fit over a custom ethylene based thermoplastic gel liner made by a certified prosthetist. The gel liner and socket are attached to the residual limb through friction alone.

Overview of electronics The IMU (IMU v2.3; JB Robotics, Irvine, CA, USA) constantly transmits motion data to the microcontroller board (Arduino Micro; Arduino; Torino, Italy) located in the

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Gretsch et al. V lithium ion battery electronics compartment. A 9  (Hi-Tech; GN Batteries, Walnut, CA, USA) directly powers the microcontroller. The battery also connects to a 5 V switching voltage regulator (UBEC; Adafruit Industries, New York City, NY, USA), which steps the voltage down to the motors. The battery capacity is 720 mAh. The estimate battery life varies from 0.5 h (hand always closed) to 5 h (hand always open) depending on how the prosthesis is used. We expect the hand to be in an open, resting position most of the time and therefore battery life should be closer to 5 h. The battery costs approximately US$14. All grounds are connected, and a simple sliding switch turns all components on and off. IMU. The IMU (slave) transmits data by 4-wire serial peripheral interface (SPI) to the Arduino (master). It is powered at 3.3 V by the Arduino’s on-board 3.3 V voltage regulator (LP2985) and consumes a constant current of 75 mA. It internally updates at 250 Hz and directly outputs roll, pitch, yaw angles, their time derivatives and acceleration in the x, y and z directions. Arduino code to receive IMU data by SPI was provided by JB Robotics. The IMU is oriented such that when the shoulder is moved up and down relative to the body, the roll angle changes, and when the shoulder moves forward and backward in the transverse plane of the body, the yaw angle changes. Microcontroller. The Arduino Micro (running off the ATmega32u4 microcontroller) was chosen as the microcontroller board because it can be easily programmed by those with minimal programming experience and includes all required features. This allows others to expand on our open-source design. The Arduino Micro operates at 5 V, which is supplied by an on-board voltage regulator (NCP1117) that steps down the voltage from the battery, and draws 42 mA. The digital output pins of the Arduino Micro controls each of the 5 motors independently by pulse-width modulation (PWM). Motors.  Each of the five fingers is driven by one microservo motor (MG90; Tower Pro, New Taipei City, Taiwan), which has a stall torque of 2.2 kg cm at 4.8 V. The motors are inexpensive (approximately US$7), lightweight (14 g) and small (23 × 12 × 29 mm3). Collectively, the motors draw 28 mA when stationary and unloaded (closed position). When the hand is opening, the components collectively draw a peak of roughly 1.7 A. When the hand is open and stationary, the components collectively draw approximately 1 A. Code.  The Arduino Micro was programmed in the Arduino integrated development environment. Arduino code includes a setup function that runs once and a main loop which repeats indefinitely after the setup function is completed. During each run, it reads the data from the IMU and

Figure 2.  (a) Block diagram for code and (b) rollDot and yawDot recorded from shoulder moving forward twice. Dashed horizontal lines indicate thresholds for this motion. The arrow denotes where all forward 2x motion conditions would be met.

checks for one of four conditions to be met. There is a minimum of 9 ms between each run giving a maximum sampling rate of 111 Hz. The flow of code is shown in Figure 1(a). The shoulder up and down detection conditions are based solely on the time derivative, or velocity, of the roll angle. Adding a second signature shoulder motion to control thumb movement presents a challenge. Moving the shoulder forward changes the yaw angle, but so does rotating the entire body. Therefore, the yaw velocity alone cannot be used. We decided to control the thumb by moving the shoulder forward/backward twice in succession. To evaluate this motion, the history of yaw velocity needs to be known. A history vector keeps track of the last 1 s of yaw velocities reported by the IMU. This allows maximum and minimum values to be compared to determine forward/backward conditions, as shown in Figure 2 and Table 1.

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Table 1.  Shoulder movement conditions.

terminal device and low durability of mechanical components. With these limitations identified, improvements on the prototype can be developed.

Shoulder movement conditions Up Down Forward 2x       Backward 2x      

rollDot > 75°/s rollDot 

Development of novel 3D-printed robotic prosthetic for transradial amputees.

Upper extremity myoelectric prostheses are expensive. The Robohand demonstrated that three-dimensional printing reduces the cost of a prosthetic extre...
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