DESCENDING BRANCH OF THE LATERAL CIRCUMFLEX FEMORAL ARTERY AS A RECIPIENT VESSEL FOR VASCULARIZED FIBULAR GRAFTS: CLINICAL CASE SERIES GOKHAN MERIC, M.D.,1 ALI ENGIN ULUSAL, M.D.,1 AZIZ ATIK, M.D.,1* SERDAR SARGIN, M.D.,1 BETUL ULUSAL, M.D.,2 and MEHMET SUKRU SAHIN, M.D.3
Vascularized fibular grafts (VFG) are used for the treatment of femoral head avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis, nonunions, and excessive bone defects. Mostly the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) or first or second perforating branch of the profound femoral artery is used for the customary recipient vessel. In this report, an alternative technique of using descending branch of LCFA in VFG surgery and its clinical results are reported. Sixteen patients (13 men and 3 women) underwent VFG surgery between the years 2005 and 2012. Predicted etiologies were: ANFH in 10 hips, traumatic femur neck pseudoarthrosis in 4 hips, tumor in 1 hip, and 1 femur shaft defect due to osteomyelitis. Patients’ average age at the time of surgery was 29 years (range, 14–43 years). All patients were treated with VFG. All of the grafts survived and none of the patients needed any revision surgery. One had superficial wound infection, one developed peroneal nerve palsy, and one had trochanteric bursitis. The follow-up time was 36 months (range 20–72). It is believed C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery that the descending branch of LCFA is a reliable alternative for anastomosis in VFG surgery. V 34:633–637, 2014.
Vascularized fibular grafts (VFG) are used for the treatment of femoral head avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis, nonunions, and bone defects since first report of Taylor’s successful case in 1975.1–4 VFG may also be needed for challenging cases of osteomyelitis or tumors, which have large bony defects.5 Mostly the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) or first or second perforating branch of the profound femoral artery (PFA) is used for the customary recipient vessel.6–9 Quite a few alternative local anastomosis techniques in proximal femur have been reported in the literature for VFG. Surgeons might challenge in making LCFA anastomosis in deeper anatomical localizations when peroneal pedicle is limited. In this report, an alternative and reliable anastomosis technique of using descending branch of LCFA in VFG surgery for different pathologic situations of femur and its clinical results are reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS
Sixteen patients (13 men and 3 women) underwent VFG surgery by the same surgeon between the years 2005 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical Faculty, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey 2 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical Faculty, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical Faculty, Alanya Baskent University, Antalya, Turkey *Correspondence to: Aziz Atik, M.D., Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical Faculty, Balikesir University 10010 Balikesir, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Received 9 February 2014; Revision accepted 9 July 2014; Accepted 10 July 2014 Published online 23 July 2014 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/micr.22299
Ó 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
and 2012. Predicted etiologies were avascular necrosis of femoral head (ANFH) in 10 hips, traumatic femur neck pseudoarthrosis in 4 hips, tumor in 1 hip, and 1 femur shaft defect due to osteomyelitis (see Table 1). Patients’ average age at the time of surgery was 29 years (range, 14–43 years). For 10 patients who had ANFH, preoperative staging and quantifying of the necrotic lesions were performed using the Steinberg’s Classification system for the femur proximal head lesions.10 Surgical Technique
The surgery was performed with the patient in supine position. A slightly curved (medial convex) 15 cm skin incision was then made on the anterolateral thigh area. Descending branch of the LCFA and the concomitant veins were identified under the rectus femoris muscle (see Fig. 1). When the vessel pedicle was prepared, it was passed through a tunnel under vastus lateralis muscle with blunt dissection (see Fig. 2). Especially in traumatic pseudoarthrotic patients or in patients who had undergone previous surgeries, it may be difficult to expose local vascular pedicle alternatives. In such conditions, a saphenous vein graft may be harvested to complete the anastomosis proximally to the VFG vessels (see Fig. 3). The vascularized fibula was harvested from the contralateral leg as described in the literature.11 After flap was inset, the descending branch of LCFA, which was passed through vastus lateralis muscle, was lined up to facilitate anastomosis to the pedicle of VFG (see Fig. 4). Finally, the pedicle of VFG was introduced anteriorly, and arterial and venous anastomoses were performed under an operating microscope. At the donor site a posterior below-the-knee cast was applied to let soft tissue healing for 3 weeks, and the
634
Meric et al. Table 1. Demographic Data of the Patients
Patient no.
Age sex
1 2 3 4
43 25 32 26
M M M M
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
21 M 39 M 18 F 22 M 35 M 37 M 27 F 42 M 38 M 28 M 14 F 17 M
Follow-up (month)
Steinberg classification
Preoperative Harris score
Postoperative Harris score
Steroid Idiopathic Steroid Idiopathic
20 45 32 25
2 3 4 3
34.75 62 38.75 52
80.025 90.25 84.25 85.75
Good Good Good Good
Idiopathic Alcohol Idiopathic Idiopathic Steroid Steroid Trauma Trauma Trauma Trauma Tumor Osteomyelitis
35 30 36 32 24 28 48 22 70 22 72 36
2 3 3 3 4 4 – – – – – –
54.5 40.75 58.25 54 48.25 52 64 36.5 42 34.5 54.025 –
90.75 82.25 92.025 82.25 73.5 81.25 91.025 81.75 86 82.5 96.025 –
Excellent Good Excellent Good Moderate Good Excellent Good Good Good Excellent Good
Etiology
Patient questionnaire
Complication Trochanteric bursitis
Peroneal nerve palsy1 infection
Femoral shortness
M: Male, F: Female.
Figure 2. A tunnel was prepared under vastus lateralis muscles by blunt dissection, then the dissected descending branch of the LCFA and the concomitant veins were anastomosed to peroneal artery and vein. (RF: rectus femoris muscle, DbLCFA: descending branch of the LCFA, VL: vastus lateralis muscle, PA: peroneal artery and vein).
Figure 1. (a)A slightly curved (medial convex) 15 cm skin incision was made on the anterolateral thigh area. (b) Descending branch of the LCFA and the concomitant veins were identified under the rectus femoris muscle (arrows).
patient was instructed not to bear weight for 12 weeks on the grafted side. Then, a gradual weight bearing program was initiated. Full weight bearing was allowed approximately 6 months after surgery. The dissection times of the descending branch of LCFA were recorded. Also the diameter and length of Microsurgery DOI 10.1002/micr
the recipient vessel were recorded. The Harris hip score was used for clinical evaluation, and radiographic progression was evaluated in patients.9 One patient had 15 cm femoral diaphysis defect due to osteomyelitis and double-barrel fibular graft using descending branch of LCFA was applied. This patient was evaluated with patient satisfaction questionnaire depending on his daily activities. RESULTS
The whole procedure time changed according to the indication of VFG. A less complicated ANFH case lasted for 6 hours, but an infected femoral defect needed more time as much as 10 hours. Blood loss was mainly due to
Descending Branch of LCFA for Anastomosis in VFG Surgery
635
Figure 3. (a) The computerized angiography view of the patient, in one month after the surgery. The saphenous vein graft that was used for the proximal anastomosis is seen. Arrows shows the saphaneus vein graft. (b) A saphenous vein graft may be harvested to complete the anastomosis proximally to the VFG vessels (FA: femoral artery, PFA: profunda femoris artery, DbLCFA: descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery, LCFA: the lateral circumflex femoral artery, SVG: saphenous vein graft).
bony interventions rather than soft tissue preparations, but no patients needed more than two units of transfusion during surgery. All flaps, in which the descending branch of LCFA was used as the recipient vessel, survived. The mean dissection time of the descending branch of LCFA was 60.8 min (range 45–90 min). The mean diameter of the descending branch of LCFA was 1.2 mm (range 0.8–1.4 mm). The mean length of the descending branch of LCFA was 14.4 mm (range 10.8–17.8 mm). The average follow-up time was 36 months (range 20– 72 months). Looking at the overall scores in the last follow-up, all patients were good to excellent except one moderate who had steroid-included osteonecrosis of femoral head. The femur diaphysis defect, which was caused by chronic osteomyelitis and treated with double-barrel fibular grafts, the union, was achieved after 6 months (Table 1). DISCUSSION
Figure 4. The illustration of anastomosis between the descending branch of the LCFA and the peroneal vascular bundle (FA: femoral artery, PFA: profunda femoris artery, DbLCFA: descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery, LCFA: The LATERAL circumflex femoral artery, MT: muscular tunnel, F: fibula, RF: rectus femoris muscle, A: anastomosis).
For years VFG has been used as the treatment choice of ANFH, bone defects, and nonunions. The success in the surgery of VFG depends on meticulous microsurgical technique and anatomical orientation.12 VFG is a complex procedure, technically difficult, and has a long learning curve. Surgeons might challenge in making LCFA anastomosis in deeper anatomical localizations. In this report, results of VFG surgery by using the descending branch of LCFA in cases of femur including Microsurgery DOI 10.1002/micr
636
Meric et al.
neck pseudoarthrosis, proximal and diaphyseal bone defect, osteomyelitis, and ANFH are reported. In the mean follow-up period of 37 months, all the femurs that underwent VFG surgery using descending branch of LCFA stayed alive and complete osteointegration of the fibular graft was achieved in all of the patients, none of the patients needed revision surgery. In the postoperative period, one hip collapsed but still surviving without hip arthroplasty and the one with femur diaphyseal defect had 5 cm shortening related to previous defect. LCFA is the first branch of the PFA which trifurcates into ascending, descending, and transverse branches. In cadaveric studies the descending branch is showed to be consisted of 1 artery and 2 veins, while the vessel diameter is more than 2 mm and the pedicle length is between 8 and 16 cm.13 Comparing to the ascending branch of the LCFA it is usually 0.8–1.5 mm in diameter with short length which is markedly smaller in diameter and length than the peroneal artery which has a mean diameter of 3.7 mm.14 Also one of the important reasons for choosing the descending branch rather than the ascending branch for VFG in ANFH is that the ascending branch supplies more blood flow to the femoral head, which in terms means that cutting that supply may affect host femoral head vascularization; that’s so using the descending branch of LCFA aims less affection in the host femur head’s vascularization. Sananpanich et al. dissected 47 cadavers to investigate pedicle configurations in the lateral descending branch of LCFA system. The mean total length of the descending branch from its origin to terminus was 30.3 cm (range 22.5–37.1 cm) and the mean diameter at its origin was 3.0 mm (range, 2.2–4.0 mm) while the mean terminal diameter was 1.3 mm (range 0.9–1.8 mm).15 In our study, the mean diameter of the descending branch of LCFA was 1.2 mm and the mean length was 14.4 mm. We preferred to dissect the vessel as much as it was needed. So our mean length was shorter than anatomical studies. Anyhow we harvested enough length of vessel in all cases. Berend et al. used the ascending branch of LCFA for VFG surgery in 121 advanced ANFHs and reported a survival rate of 64.5% in 12 years.16 Plakseychuk et al. also used the ascending branch of LCFA for VFG surgery in 50 hips and reported survival rate of 86% in 12 years.17 Urbaniak et al. used ascending branch of LCFA with 13 cm donor fibular graft and large pedicle for the anastomosis. In their technique, vastus lateralis muscle is reflected from its origin extending distally 6–8 cm to see the posterolateral aspect of the proximal femur and then the interval between the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius is exposed to identify the ascending branch of LCFA and its two accompanying veins.18 Our method involves harvesting only the required amount of graft. Even if the donor fibular graft pedicle is short, the Microsurgery DOI 10.1002/micr
descending branch of LCFA can be easily utilized and released for a good anastomosis with comfortable space. Also Wang et al. used the greater trochanteric bone flap for the treatment of ANFH with the transverse and gluteus medius branches of the LCFA as the pedicles.19 Zhao et al. reported the use of combined vascularized iliac and greater trochanter grafting for the reconstruction of the ANFH with the transverse and ascending branches of the lateral femoral circumflex vessels as pedicles.20 Although hip arthroplasty may be the standard treatment method for elderly femoral neck fractures, it is controversial in younger ones.21 For joint preserving, VFG treatment is the preferred method for younger patients due to high incidence of nonunion and late osteonecrosis of femoral head.18 Lecroy et al. used ascending branch of LCFA for the management of femoral neck nonunion. They reported 22 patients who underwent VFG surgery for femoral neck nonunion with 84 months of follow-up. They achieved union in 20 of 22 patients and utilized iliac crest bone grafting and muscle-pedicle grafting in the other.22 We also had good functional outcomes in our four patients of femoral neck nonunion using VFG. In femoral large diaphyseal defects, reconstruction with simple grafting may be performed but they tend to heal late and result in even nonunion or refracture. VFG surgery preserves blood flow in the recipient site and eases union.23 Previous studies showed that, in femur diaphyseal VFG surgery, if the descending branch of LCFA is used the surgery time decreases when compared to the main trunk of the femoral artery and the procedure is less complicated.24 VFG surgeries with prolonged surgical time may have showed worse outcomes with potential complications such as infection and vascular thrombosis. To decrease surgical time, Gao et al. suggested modified vascularized fibular graft harvesting technique. In their technique, they performed fibular osteotomy before exposing vascular pedicle. They reported 578 hips using this technique with a mean operative time of 90 min (range 75–110).25 Taha et al. reported in their three-patient-case-series that the descending branch of the LCFA proved itself as a reliable, long, and robust alternative as a recipient vessel in VFG surgery. They claimed that it provides a longer pedicle of greater caliber, but they didn’t report clinical or functional results.26 Marciniak et al. reported their longterm results of VFG treatment in case of ANFH, where the descending branch of the LCFA was used as the donor vessel.27 In their study they reported 61% survival in 5year follow-up and they showed the surgical results of the descending branch of the LCFA in ANFH treatment, but in the present report we showed clinical and functional outcomes of using descending branch of the LCFA in femoral VFG surgery for different reasons such as diaphyseal defects, tumoral defects, or pseudoarthrosis.
Descending Branch of LCFA for Anastomosis in VFG Surgery
In this surgical technique, the descending branch of the LCFA is placed in the tunnel through vastus lateralis muscle, so causes no muscle damage. Especially in traumatic ANFH patients or patients who had undergone previous surgeries, it may be difficult to differentiate the vasculary pedicle in larger scar tissues. In such conditions, after dissecting distal ends of the descending branch of the LCFA under rectus femoris muscle, a saphenous vein graft may be used between the proximal VFG vessels and distal end of the donor vessel to complete the anastomosis.
8. 9.
10. 11.
12.
CONCLUSION
It is believed that the descending branch of the LCFA can be prepared with a long pedicle, easier harvesting procedure and a competent vessel diameter; so it is a good qualified alternative for VFG surgery that should be kept in mind. The descending branch of the LCFA has been reported for VFG surgery in the literature so far, but this study implicates its usage to all femoral structural deficiencies like diaphyseal defects, tumoral defects, pseudoarthrosis, or in any case to improve osteointegration.
13.
14. 15.
16. 17.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. Authors confirm that this manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication. All named authors hereby declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
18.
19. 20.
21.
REFERENCES 22. 1. Taylor GI, Miller GD, Ham FJ. The free vascularized bone graft. A clinical extension of microvascular techniques. Plast Reconst Surg 1975;55:533–544. 2. Korompilias AV, Beris AE, Lykissas MG, Kostas-Agnantis IP, Soucacos PN. Femoral head osteonecrosis: Why choose free vascularized fibula grafting. Microsurgery 2011;31:223–228. 3. Mankin HJ. Nontraumatic necrosis of bone (osteonecrosis). N Eng J Medicine 1992;326:1473–1479. 4. Malizos KN, Quarles LD, Dailiana ZH, Rizk WS, Seaber AV, Urbaniak JR. Analysis of failures after vascularized fibular grafting in femoral head necrosis. Orthop Clin North Am 2004;35:305–314, viii. 5. Falder S, Sinclair JS, Rogers CA, Townsend PL. Long-term behaviour of the free vascularised fibula following reconstruction of large bony defects. Br J Plast Surg 2003;56:571–584. 6. Yoo MC, Kim KI, Hahn CS, Parvizi J. Long-term followup of vascularized fibular grafting for femoral head necrosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:1133–1140. 7. Aldridge JM III, Berend KR, Gunneson EE, Urbaniak JR. Free vascularized fibular grafting for the treatment of postcollapse osteonec-
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rosis of the femoral head. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am A 2004;86 (Suppl 1):87–101. Kim SY, Kim YG, Kim PT, Ihn JC, Cho BC, Koo KH. Vascularized compared with nonvascularized fibular grafts for large osteonecrotic lesions of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:2012–2018. Harris WH. Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: Treatment by mold arthroplasty. An end-result study using a new method of result evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1969;51:737–755. Steinberg ME, Hayken GD, Steinberg DR. A quantitative system for staging avascular necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995;77:34–41. Lutz BS, Wei FC, Ng SH, Chen IH, Chen SH. Routine donor leg angiography before vascularized free fibula transplantation is not necessary: A prospective study in 120 clinical cases. Plast Reconst Surg 1999;103:121–127. Yoo MC, Chung DW, Hahn CS. Free vascularized fibula grafting for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992;277:128–138. Wei FC, Jain V, Celik N, Chen HC, Chuang DC, Lin CH. Have we found an ideal soft-tissue flap? An experience with 672 anterolateral thigh flaps. Plast Reconst Surg 2002;109:2219–2226; discussion 2227–2230. Chen YL, Zheng BG, Zhu JM, Zheng BX, Gu YD, Wu MM, Li HR. Microsurgical anatomy of the lateral skin flap of the leg. Ann Plast Surg 1985;15:313–318. Sananpanich K, Tu YK, Kraisarin J, Chalidapong P. Flow-through anterolateral thigh flap for simultaneous soft tissue and long vascular gap reconstruction in extremity injuries: Anatomical study and case report. Injury 2008;39 (Suppl 4):47–54. Berend KR, Gunneson EE, Urbaniak JR. Free vascularized fibular grafting for the treatment of postcollapse osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Am A 2003;85:987–993. Plakseychuk AY, Kim SY, Park BC, Varitimidis SE, Rubash HE, Sotereanos DG. Vascularized compared with nonvascularized fibular grafting for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Am A 2003;85:589–596. Urbaniak JR, Coogan PG, Gunneson EB, Nunley JA. Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with free vascularized fibular grafting. A long-term follow-up study of one hundred and three hips. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995;77:681–694. Wang B, Zhao D, Liu B, Wang W. Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head by using the greater trochanteric bone flap with double vascular pedicles. Microsurg 2013;33:593–599. Zhao D, Cui D, Lu F, Wang B, Wang W, Tian F, Guo L. Combined vascularized iliac and greater trochanter graftings for reconstruction of the osteonecrosis femoral head with collapse: Reports of three cases with 20 years follow-up. Microsurgery 2012;32:546–551. Gregory RJ, Wood DJ, Stevens J. Treatment of displaced subcapital femoral fractures with total hip replacement. Injury 1992;23:168– 170. LeCroy CM, Rizzo M, Gunneson EE, Urbaniak JR. Free vascularized fibular bone grafting in the management of femoral neck nonunion in patients younger than fifty years. J Orthop Trauma 2002; 16:464–472. Song HR, Kale A, Park HB, Koo KH, Chae DJ, Oh CW, Chung DW. Comparison of internal bone transport and vascularized fibular grafting for femoral bone defects. J Orthop Trauma 2003;17:203– 211. Yajima H, Tamai S, Mizumoto S, Ono H. Vascularised fibular grafts for reconstruction of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993;75:123–128. Gao YS, Chen SB, Jin DX, Sheng JG, Cheng XG, Zhang CQ. Modified surgical techniques of free vascularized fibular grafting for treatment of the osteonecrosis of femoral head: Results from a series of 407 cases. Microsurg 2013;33:646–651. Taha H, Khan U. The descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery: A reliable and robust alternative blood supply in the free fibular transfer for avascular necrosis of hip. Eur J Plast Surg 2012;35:731–734. Marciniak D, Furey C, Shaffer JW. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head. A study of 101 hips treated with vascularized fibular grafting. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:742–747.
Microsurgery DOI 10.1002/micr
Vascularized fibular grafts (VFG) are used for the treatment of femoral head avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis, nonunions, and excessive bone defects. Mostly the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) or first or second perforating branch of the profound femoral artery is used for the customary recipient vessel. In this report, an alternative technique of using descending branch of LCFA in VFG surgery and its clinical results are reported. Sixteen patients (13 men and 3 women) underwent VFG surgery between the years 2005 and 2012. Predicted etiologies were: ANFH in 10 hips, traumatic femur neck pseudoarthrosis in 4 hips, tumor in 1 hip, and 1 femur shaft defect due to osteomyelitis. Patients’ average age at the time of surgery was 29 years (range, 14–43 years). All patients were treated with VFG. All of the grafts survived and none of the patients needed any revision surgery. One had superficial wound infection, one developed peroneal nerve palsy, and one had trochanteric bursitis. The follow-up time was 36 months (range 20–72). It is believed C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery that the descending branch of LCFA is a reliable alternative for anastomosis in VFG surgery. V 34:633–637, 2014.
Vascularized fibular grafts (VFG) are used for the treatment of femoral head avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis, nonunions, and bone defects since first report of Taylor’s successful case in 1975.1–4 VFG may also be needed for challenging cases of osteomyelitis or tumors, which have large bony defects.5 Mostly the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) or first or second perforating branch of the profound femoral artery (PFA) is used for the customary recipient vessel.6–9 Quite a few alternative local anastomosis techniques in proximal femur have been reported in the literature for VFG. Surgeons might challenge in making LCFA anastomosis in deeper anatomical localizations when peroneal pedicle is limited. In this report, an alternative and reliable anastomosis technique of using descending branch of LCFA in VFG surgery for different pathologic situations of femur and its clinical results are reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS
Sixteen patients (13 men and 3 women) underwent VFG surgery by the same surgeon between the years 2005 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical Faculty, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey 2 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical Faculty, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical Faculty, Alanya Baskent University, Antalya, Turkey *Correspondence to: Aziz Atik, M.D., Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical Faculty, Balikesir University 10010 Balikesir, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Received 9 February 2014; Revision accepted 9 July 2014; Accepted 10 July 2014 Published online 23 July 2014 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/micr.22299
Ó 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
and 2012. Predicted etiologies were avascular necrosis of femoral head (ANFH) in 10 hips, traumatic femur neck pseudoarthrosis in 4 hips, tumor in 1 hip, and 1 femur shaft defect due to osteomyelitis (see Table 1). Patients’ average age at the time of surgery was 29 years (range, 14–43 years). For 10 patients who had ANFH, preoperative staging and quantifying of the necrotic lesions were performed using the Steinberg’s Classification system for the femur proximal head lesions.10 Surgical Technique
The surgery was performed with the patient in supine position. A slightly curved (medial convex) 15 cm skin incision was then made on the anterolateral thigh area. Descending branch of the LCFA and the concomitant veins were identified under the rectus femoris muscle (see Fig. 1). When the vessel pedicle was prepared, it was passed through a tunnel under vastus lateralis muscle with blunt dissection (see Fig. 2). Especially in traumatic pseudoarthrotic patients or in patients who had undergone previous surgeries, it may be difficult to expose local vascular pedicle alternatives. In such conditions, a saphenous vein graft may be harvested to complete the anastomosis proximally to the VFG vessels (see Fig. 3). The vascularized fibula was harvested from the contralateral leg as described in the literature.11 After flap was inset, the descending branch of LCFA, which was passed through vastus lateralis muscle, was lined up to facilitate anastomosis to the pedicle of VFG (see Fig. 4). Finally, the pedicle of VFG was introduced anteriorly, and arterial and venous anastomoses were performed under an operating microscope. At the donor site a posterior below-the-knee cast was applied to let soft tissue healing for 3 weeks, and the
634
Meric et al. Table 1. Demographic Data of the Patients
Patient no.
Age sex
1 2 3 4
43 25 32 26
M M M M
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
21 M 39 M 18 F 22 M 35 M 37 M 27 F 42 M 38 M 28 M 14 F 17 M
Follow-up (month)
Steinberg classification
Preoperative Harris score
Postoperative Harris score
Steroid Idiopathic Steroid Idiopathic
20 45 32 25
2 3 4 3
34.75 62 38.75 52
80.025 90.25 84.25 85.75
Good Good Good Good
Idiopathic Alcohol Idiopathic Idiopathic Steroid Steroid Trauma Trauma Trauma Trauma Tumor Osteomyelitis
35 30 36 32 24 28 48 22 70 22 72 36
2 3 3 3 4 4 – – – – – –
54.5 40.75 58.25 54 48.25 52 64 36.5 42 34.5 54.025 –
90.75 82.25 92.025 82.25 73.5 81.25 91.025 81.75 86 82.5 96.025 –
Excellent Good Excellent Good Moderate Good Excellent Good Good Good Excellent Good
Etiology
Patient questionnaire
Complication Trochanteric bursitis
Peroneal nerve palsy1 infection
Femoral shortness
M: Male, F: Female.
Figure 2. A tunnel was prepared under vastus lateralis muscles by blunt dissection, then the dissected descending branch of the LCFA and the concomitant veins were anastomosed to peroneal artery and vein. (RF: rectus femoris muscle, DbLCFA: descending branch of the LCFA, VL: vastus lateralis muscle, PA: peroneal artery and vein).
Figure 1. (a)A slightly curved (medial convex) 15 cm skin incision was made on the anterolateral thigh area. (b) Descending branch of the LCFA and the concomitant veins were identified under the rectus femoris muscle (arrows).
patient was instructed not to bear weight for 12 weeks on the grafted side. Then, a gradual weight bearing program was initiated. Full weight bearing was allowed approximately 6 months after surgery. The dissection times of the descending branch of LCFA were recorded. Also the diameter and length of Microsurgery DOI 10.1002/micr
the recipient vessel were recorded. The Harris hip score was used for clinical evaluation, and radiographic progression was evaluated in patients.9 One patient had 15 cm femoral diaphysis defect due to osteomyelitis and double-barrel fibular graft using descending branch of LCFA was applied. This patient was evaluated with patient satisfaction questionnaire depending on his daily activities. RESULTS
The whole procedure time changed according to the indication of VFG. A less complicated ANFH case lasted for 6 hours, but an infected femoral defect needed more time as much as 10 hours. Blood loss was mainly due to
Descending Branch of LCFA for Anastomosis in VFG Surgery
635
Figure 3. (a) The computerized angiography view of the patient, in one month after the surgery. The saphenous vein graft that was used for the proximal anastomosis is seen. Arrows shows the saphaneus vein graft. (b) A saphenous vein graft may be harvested to complete the anastomosis proximally to the VFG vessels (FA: femoral artery, PFA: profunda femoris artery, DbLCFA: descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery, LCFA: the lateral circumflex femoral artery, SVG: saphenous vein graft).
bony interventions rather than soft tissue preparations, but no patients needed more than two units of transfusion during surgery. All flaps, in which the descending branch of LCFA was used as the recipient vessel, survived. The mean dissection time of the descending branch of LCFA was 60.8 min (range 45–90 min). The mean diameter of the descending branch of LCFA was 1.2 mm (range 0.8–1.4 mm). The mean length of the descending branch of LCFA was 14.4 mm (range 10.8–17.8 mm). The average follow-up time was 36 months (range 20– 72 months). Looking at the overall scores in the last follow-up, all patients were good to excellent except one moderate who had steroid-included osteonecrosis of femoral head. The femur diaphysis defect, which was caused by chronic osteomyelitis and treated with double-barrel fibular grafts, the union, was achieved after 6 months (Table 1). DISCUSSION
Figure 4. The illustration of anastomosis between the descending branch of the LCFA and the peroneal vascular bundle (FA: femoral artery, PFA: profunda femoris artery, DbLCFA: descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery, LCFA: The LATERAL circumflex femoral artery, MT: muscular tunnel, F: fibula, RF: rectus femoris muscle, A: anastomosis).
For years VFG has been used as the treatment choice of ANFH, bone defects, and nonunions. The success in the surgery of VFG depends on meticulous microsurgical technique and anatomical orientation.12 VFG is a complex procedure, technically difficult, and has a long learning curve. Surgeons might challenge in making LCFA anastomosis in deeper anatomical localizations. In this report, results of VFG surgery by using the descending branch of LCFA in cases of femur including Microsurgery DOI 10.1002/micr
636
Meric et al.
neck pseudoarthrosis, proximal and diaphyseal bone defect, osteomyelitis, and ANFH are reported. In the mean follow-up period of 37 months, all the femurs that underwent VFG surgery using descending branch of LCFA stayed alive and complete osteointegration of the fibular graft was achieved in all of the patients, none of the patients needed revision surgery. In the postoperative period, one hip collapsed but still surviving without hip arthroplasty and the one with femur diaphyseal defect had 5 cm shortening related to previous defect. LCFA is the first branch of the PFA which trifurcates into ascending, descending, and transverse branches. In cadaveric studies the descending branch is showed to be consisted of 1 artery and 2 veins, while the vessel diameter is more than 2 mm and the pedicle length is between 8 and 16 cm.13 Comparing to the ascending branch of the LCFA it is usually 0.8–1.5 mm in diameter with short length which is markedly smaller in diameter and length than the peroneal artery which has a mean diameter of 3.7 mm.14 Also one of the important reasons for choosing the descending branch rather than the ascending branch for VFG in ANFH is that the ascending branch supplies more blood flow to the femoral head, which in terms means that cutting that supply may affect host femoral head vascularization; that’s so using the descending branch of LCFA aims less affection in the host femur head’s vascularization. Sananpanich et al. dissected 47 cadavers to investigate pedicle configurations in the lateral descending branch of LCFA system. The mean total length of the descending branch from its origin to terminus was 30.3 cm (range 22.5–37.1 cm) and the mean diameter at its origin was 3.0 mm (range, 2.2–4.0 mm) while the mean terminal diameter was 1.3 mm (range 0.9–1.8 mm).15 In our study, the mean diameter of the descending branch of LCFA was 1.2 mm and the mean length was 14.4 mm. We preferred to dissect the vessel as much as it was needed. So our mean length was shorter than anatomical studies. Anyhow we harvested enough length of vessel in all cases. Berend et al. used the ascending branch of LCFA for VFG surgery in 121 advanced ANFHs and reported a survival rate of 64.5% in 12 years.16 Plakseychuk et al. also used the ascending branch of LCFA for VFG surgery in 50 hips and reported survival rate of 86% in 12 years.17 Urbaniak et al. used ascending branch of LCFA with 13 cm donor fibular graft and large pedicle for the anastomosis. In their technique, vastus lateralis muscle is reflected from its origin extending distally 6–8 cm to see the posterolateral aspect of the proximal femur and then the interval between the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius is exposed to identify the ascending branch of LCFA and its two accompanying veins.18 Our method involves harvesting only the required amount of graft. Even if the donor fibular graft pedicle is short, the Microsurgery DOI 10.1002/micr
descending branch of LCFA can be easily utilized and released for a good anastomosis with comfortable space. Also Wang et al. used the greater trochanteric bone flap for the treatment of ANFH with the transverse and gluteus medius branches of the LCFA as the pedicles.19 Zhao et al. reported the use of combined vascularized iliac and greater trochanter grafting for the reconstruction of the ANFH with the transverse and ascending branches of the lateral femoral circumflex vessels as pedicles.20 Although hip arthroplasty may be the standard treatment method for elderly femoral neck fractures, it is controversial in younger ones.21 For joint preserving, VFG treatment is the preferred method for younger patients due to high incidence of nonunion and late osteonecrosis of femoral head.18 Lecroy et al. used ascending branch of LCFA for the management of femoral neck nonunion. They reported 22 patients who underwent VFG surgery for femoral neck nonunion with 84 months of follow-up. They achieved union in 20 of 22 patients and utilized iliac crest bone grafting and muscle-pedicle grafting in the other.22 We also had good functional outcomes in our four patients of femoral neck nonunion using VFG. In femoral large diaphyseal defects, reconstruction with simple grafting may be performed but they tend to heal late and result in even nonunion or refracture. VFG surgery preserves blood flow in the recipient site and eases union.23 Previous studies showed that, in femur diaphyseal VFG surgery, if the descending branch of LCFA is used the surgery time decreases when compared to the main trunk of the femoral artery and the procedure is less complicated.24 VFG surgeries with prolonged surgical time may have showed worse outcomes with potential complications such as infection and vascular thrombosis. To decrease surgical time, Gao et al. suggested modified vascularized fibular graft harvesting technique. In their technique, they performed fibular osteotomy before exposing vascular pedicle. They reported 578 hips using this technique with a mean operative time of 90 min (range 75–110).25 Taha et al. reported in their three-patient-case-series that the descending branch of the LCFA proved itself as a reliable, long, and robust alternative as a recipient vessel in VFG surgery. They claimed that it provides a longer pedicle of greater caliber, but they didn’t report clinical or functional results.26 Marciniak et al. reported their longterm results of VFG treatment in case of ANFH, where the descending branch of the LCFA was used as the donor vessel.27 In their study they reported 61% survival in 5year follow-up and they showed the surgical results of the descending branch of the LCFA in ANFH treatment, but in the present report we showed clinical and functional outcomes of using descending branch of the LCFA in femoral VFG surgery for different reasons such as diaphyseal defects, tumoral defects, or pseudoarthrosis.
Descending Branch of LCFA for Anastomosis in VFG Surgery
In this surgical technique, the descending branch of the LCFA is placed in the tunnel through vastus lateralis muscle, so causes no muscle damage. Especially in traumatic ANFH patients or patients who had undergone previous surgeries, it may be difficult to differentiate the vasculary pedicle in larger scar tissues. In such conditions, after dissecting distal ends of the descending branch of the LCFA under rectus femoris muscle, a saphenous vein graft may be used between the proximal VFG vessels and distal end of the donor vessel to complete the anastomosis.
8. 9.
10. 11.
12.
CONCLUSION
It is believed that the descending branch of the LCFA can be prepared with a long pedicle, easier harvesting procedure and a competent vessel diameter; so it is a good qualified alternative for VFG surgery that should be kept in mind. The descending branch of the LCFA has been reported for VFG surgery in the literature so far, but this study implicates its usage to all femoral structural deficiencies like diaphyseal defects, tumoral defects, pseudoarthrosis, or in any case to improve osteointegration.
13.
14. 15.
16. 17.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. Authors confirm that this manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication. All named authors hereby declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
18.
19. 20.
21.
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