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REVIEW Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) from Traditional Uses to Potential Biomedical Applications by Sami Mnif* and Sami Aifa Laboratory of Micro-organisms and Bio-molecules, Team of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia (phone: þ 216-74-871816; fax: þ 216-74-875818; e-mail: [email protected])

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a small annual and herbaceous plant belonging to the Apiaceae family. It is a multipurpose plant species cultivated in the Middle East, India, China, and several Mediterranean countries, including Tunisia. Its fruit, known as cumin seed, is most widely used for culinary and medicinal purposes. It is generally used as a food additive, popular spice, and flavoring agent in many cuisines. Cumin has also been widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including hypolipidemia, cancer, and diabetes. The literature presents ample evidence for the biological and biomedical activities of cumin, which have generally been ascribed to its content and action of its active constituents, such as terpens, phenols, and flavonoids. The present paper provides an overview of phytochemical profile, biological activities, and ethnomedical and pharmacological uses of Cumin.

1. Introduction. – Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a member of the Apiaceae family that originated in the Mediterranean region, Turkistan, and Egypt, but has spread to various arid and semi-arid regions in the world, including the Middle East, India, and Turkey. It is one of the oldest and economically important plant species whose cultivation generally requires a long hot summer of 3 – 4 months, with daytime temperatures of around 308 or more. It is drought-tolerant and mostly grown in Mediterranean climates. The plant is grown from seed, sown in spring, and needs fertile and well-drained soil [1]. The fruit has a 4 – 5-mm-long lateral fusiform or ovoid achene, containing a single seed. Cumin is a multipurpose aromatic plant used worldwide for various culinary and medicinal purposes. It is commonly used as a food additive and represents a popular spice for imparting flavor to different food preparations, including cheese, pickle, soup, bean dishes, and liquors [2] [3]. Today, cumin is the second most popular spice in the world after black pepper (Pepper nigrum). Cumin seeds are used as spices for their distinctive aroma and are popular in several regions in the world, including the Middle East, North Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cuba, Northern Mexico, and Western China [4]. C. cyminum seeds have also been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several health disorders and diseases, such as toothaches, dyspepsia, diarrhea, epilepsy, and jaundice [5]. These medicinal benefits have generally been ascribed to its rich content and potent action of active constituents such as terpenes, phenols, and flavonoids. Õ 2015 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta AG, Zîrich

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The composition of C. cyminum seeds and essential oil has been the subject of extensive research [1] [6] [7]. The literature indicates that the seeds contain fixed oil (ca. 10%), volatile oil (1 – 5%), protein, cellulose, sugar, and minerals [6]. However, to the best of the authorsÏ knowledge, little data are currently available on the lipid content of C. cyminum [8] [9]. Only few studies have been reported on the impacts of abiotic constraints on the bioactive compounds of C. cyminum L., including the work of Bettaieb et al. [10], who showed that the water constraint greatly influenced the biochemical composition of the aerial parts of cumin. The aromatic substances present in this herb have attracted considerable attention in recent research worldwide, where several efforts have been made to experimentally validate and confirm the therapeutic benefits of cumin. In fact, although the exact therapeutic mechanisms and modes of action of cumin seeds still remain undetermined, strong evidence has been presented for their promising therapeutic effects. In fact, the correlation between the chemical profiles cumin seeds and their traditional use as medicinal material is worthy of investigation. This article aims to review the recent studies on the diverse pharmacodynamic actions of cumin seeds and compile the currently available evidence for the presence of diverse bioactive constituents in this plant and their potential therapeutic value. 2. Ethnomedical Usage. – In many Maghreb countries, including Tunisia, the powder or decoction of cumin seeds have traditionally been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. It is recommended as a stomachic, carminative, antispasmodics and anthelmintic agent. Its decoction has also been used as an emmenagogue (agent that stimulates menstrual flow). Additionally, cumin has commonly been used as a poultice for external application on acute infectious inflammations, such as neck mumps [11]. Furthermore, Indian herbalists often prescribe cumin against insomnia, cold, and fever. The paste of cumin seeds, mixed with onion juice, has also been commonly applied over scorpion and bee stings to retard the frequency of upbeats [12]. In ancient Iranian medicine, the fruits of the plant have been widely used for the treatment of toothaches and epilepsy [13]. It has also been reported that cumin has been commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine (the ancient Indian medicine) for the treatment of dyspepsia, diarrhea, and jaundice. There is growing evidence that the plant material has valuable antioxidant, diuretic, and hypoglycemic activities [14]. Cumin also has tonic and stimulant properties that aid digestion and relieve colic, flatulence, and diarrhea [15]. It has been shown to increase lactation and to reduce nausea during pregnancy, and it can be applied as a poultice to relieve the swelling of the breast or testicles [16]. 3. Phytochemistry of Cumin (C. cyminum). – The biological activities of medicinal plants are generally attributed to their rich content in bioactive compounds. Though little data are currently available on the biologically active molecules present in cumin seeds and their beneficial properties, the literature indicates that they offer a large repertoire of highly valued phytochemicals. For example, the essential oil from cumin contains various classes of compounds, including terpenes, alcohols, phenols, and aldehydes (Fig. 1). More precisely, cuminaldehyde, eugenol, b-pinene, and some other

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minor compounds (Fig. 1) found in cumin oils were reported to be active antimicrobial agents against Klebsiella pneumoniae and other pathogens [17]. Moreover, cumin seeds have been reported to be rich in phenols and flavonoids. In fact, they have been reported to contain a wide spectrum of phenolic acids, including gallic, cinnamic, rosmarinic, coumaric, and vanillic acids. Several flavonoids have also been identified in cumin seeds, including luteolin, catechin, coumarin, quercitin, and apigenin (Fig. 2) [18].

Fig. 1. Examples of compounds found in Cuminum cyminum L. Some of them were found in the essential oil.

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Fig. 2. Examples of phenols and flavonoids found in Cuminum cyminum L.

4. Biological and Pharmacological Activities of Cumin. – Several medicinal and aromatic plants possess rich medicinal properties and have, therefore, gained growing recognition in various fields, such as the pharmaceutical, perfume, and cosmetic industries. The biological and pharmacological features of cumin seeds have attracted

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the attention of several researchers. The literature indicates that, nowadays, cumin has moved from the kitchen shelf into the clinic. 4.1. Antibacterial Activity. Cumin seed oil has been reported to have various antimicrobial properties [19]. SagˇdıÅ and ©zcan [20] tested in vitro the antibacterial activities of hydrosols of 16 spices against five bacteria. The hydrosols of cumin were reported to be active against Bacillus brevis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Escherichia coli. Cumin essential oil was also noted to exhibit stronger antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes than rosemary essential oil [21]. In 2010, Wanner et al. [22] tested the antimicrobial activities of cumin samples collected from different geographical locations, and they reported that their oil collections displayed significant antimicrobial activities against all the tested bacteria except Pseudomonas spp. strains [22]. The essential oil from cumin seed has also been tested against planctonic and biofilm cells of Klebsiella pneumonia, and on the integrity of a native resistance plasmid DNA from K. pneumonia [23]. The results revealed that the essential oil inhibited the growth of the strain, and decreased biofilm formation and exerted a synergistic reaction to enhance the activity of ciprofloxacin against K. pneumonia. The incubation of the R-plasmid DNA with cumin essential oil could not induce plasmid DNA degradation. 4.2. Antifungal Activity. The in vitro study of cumin hydrosols showed promising antifungal activities against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi [24]. OÏRiordan and Wilkinson [25] noted the absence of contamination by aflatoxin (a toxin produced by Aspergillus flavus) in commercial samples of cumin compared to other commercial products. Mohammadpour et al. [26] reported that cumin oil, which is particularly rich in a-pinene (29.2%), showed good inhibitory effects on the fungal growth of Aspergillus strains belonging to different species. Cumin essential oil has also been tested against Fluconazole resistant fungi. Inhibition zones ranging from 17 mm, for Candida tropicalis, to 36 mm, for Trichophyton mentagophytes, were previously reported [27]. 4.3. Antibiofilm and Quorum-Sensing Inhibitory Potential. Quorum-sensing biofilm formation is the major cause of bacterial pathogenesis. Biofilms are complex aggregations of microorganisms encased in a self-secreted exopolymeric matrix, generally consisting of exopolysaccharide EPS [28]. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the USA has stated that ca. 65% of all infections are caused by biofilms [29]. In this context, the antibiofilm and quorum-sensing inhibitory potential of C. cyminum, and its secondary metabolite eugenol against negative bacterial pathogens, have been demonstrated. Packiavathy et al. [30] have, for instance, shown that the MeOH extract (at 2 mg/ml) from C. cyminum inhibited violacein production in Chromobacterium violacem. Furthermore, C. cyminum extracts were noted to strongly interfere with acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) and to regulate physiological functions associated with biofilm formation, including flagellar motility and exopolysaccharide (EPS) productions. They were also described to destroy the biofilm architecture and to powerfully inhibit the in vitro biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia marceescens strains at sub-MIC levels [30]. 4.4. Antiviral Activity. The investigation of the in vitro effects of aqueous, methanolic, and hydroalcoholic extracts of cumin seed on HSV-1 growth in a Vero cell line showed that the MeOH extract of cumin seed had a significant antiviral

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activity. Its CC50 value for Vero cells, and IC50 value and therapeutic index for HSV-1 were 0.45, 0.18 mg/ml, and 2.5, respectively [31]. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of cumin seeds showed no inhibitory effect on HSV-1. In fact, the exact mechanism of CSE (cumin seeds extract) antiviral activity has not been studied yet. This activity could be due to the interaction of some components in CSE, including phenolics, with the Vero cell membrane and/or HSV-1 envelope. These polyphenolic compounds are soluble in MeOH, and this may explain the significant effect of MeOH CSE as compared to other CSEs [32]. The deformation in the structure and function of Vero cell membrane proteins and HSV-1 envelope may presumably be the mechanism by which methanolic CSE exerts inhibitory effects on HSV-1. It might also be due to its phenolic compounds, which have protein-denaturizing activities [31]. 4.5. Hypoglycemic Effect. The oral administration of an aqueous extract of cumin for 6 weeks to alloxan-induced diabetic rats was reported to cause a significant reduction in blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, and to prevent the decrease of body weight. The treatment has also been reported to induce reductions in cholesterol, phospholipid, free fatty acid, and triglyceride levels in the plasma and tissues of the experimental rats [14]. In another study by Roman-Ramos et al. [33], the antihyperglycemic effects of cumin were investigated in a sample of 27 healthy rabbits after the gastric administration of water, tolbutamide (hypoglycemic medication), and traditional preparations of twelve edible plants. A dextrose solution was infused subcutaneously. The results revealed that cumin significantly decreased the levels of glucose in the blood. Willatgamuwa et al. [34] conducted a similar study on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and observed a decrease in hyperglycemia and glucosuria following the administration of a dietary regimen containing 1.25% of cumin powder. This effect was noted to be evident at around the third week of diet administration and to be more pronounced towards the end of the eighth week. This was also accompanied by an improvement in body weight and metabolic changes, such as the decreased excretion of blood urea and creatinine in the diabetic animals. More recently, Srivsatava et al. [35] reported on significant hypoglycemic effects and a decrease in triglycerides following the administration of an EtOH extract of cumin to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ahmed et al. [36] have also demonstrated the promising candidacy of cumin to be used as a dietary supplement to protect against diabetic DNA damage and prevent diabetic complications. 4.6. Anticarcinogenic Effect. The activity of b-mucinases and glucuronidase is substantially increased in the presence of a colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), which results in the hydrolysis of the protective mucins colon and glucuronide conjugates. Glucuronide hydrolysis releases toxins, which may cause risks of colon cancer. A previous rat model study showed that cumin can protect the colon by decreasing mucinase and b-glucuronidase activities in the presence or absence of DMH [37]. Bourgou et al. [38] also showed that a black cumin hexane extract was active against tongue cancer cells A-549 and colon cancer cells DLD-1, with IC50 values of 31.0 and 63.0 mg/ml, respectively. A more recent study by Prakash and Gupta [39] evaluated the cytotoxic activity of the EtOH extract of C. cyminum L. by using an in vitro test with seven human cell lines, i.e., colon cell lines 502713, colo-205, Hep-2, A-549, OVCAR-5, PC-5, and SF-295. The anticancer properties of cumin seed was determined by using

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SRB (sulforhodamine B) assay. The results showed that cumin was active against all tested cancer cell lines, especially colon 502713 cell lines with a maximum activity of 61%. Allahghadri et al. [40] also reported that cumin oil used at a concentration of 0.1 ml/ml could destroy HeLa cells by 79%. In 2009, Mekawey et al. [41] demonstrated that 2-ethyl-6-heptylphenol (EHP), a biologically active compound formally extracted with benzene from egyptian C. cyminum seeds, exhibited good antitumor activity against six types of tumor cell lines (HEPG2, HELA, HCT116, MCF7, HEP2, and CACO2). When its activity on the normal fibroblast cell lines (BHK) was investigated, EHP showed no cytotoxic effects [41]. More recently, Daneshmandi et al. [42] demonstrated that C. cyminum essential oil showed attractive immuno-modulatory properties and can, therefore, be used as a therapeutic or complementary agent in tumor therapy. In fact, it was noted that C. cyminum essential oils, used at 50 and 500 mg/ml concentrations, significantly inhibited tumor-cell growth (p < 0.001) [42]. The cancer chemopreventive potential of diets containing various doses of cumin seed has also been confirmed. The effects of such diets have, for instance, been evaluated against benzo[a]pyrene [BaP]-induced forestomach tumorigenesis and 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) induced uterine cervix [43]. The results obtained revealed a significant inhibition of stomach tumor by cumin [43]. 4.7. Drug Bioavailability-Enhancing Activity. Herb¢drug interactions have attracted increasing interest recently. The literature provides strong evidence that such interactions could produce promising effects, among which drug bioavailability is most prominent. In this context, the bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF) in a fixed dose combination (FDC) used for the treatment of tuberculosis remains an area of clinical concern, and several pharmaceutical alternatives are being explored to overcome this problem. Of particular interest, cumin was demonstrated to enhance the bioavailability of rifampicin through a herb¢drug synergism method. In fact, Sachin et al. [44] investigated the pharmacological approach in which the bioavailability of a drug may be modulated through herb¢drug synergism. The study showed the pharmacokinetic interaction of some herbal products and a pure compound isolated from C. cyminum with RIF. The results also revealed that an aqueous extract from cumin seeds induced a significant enhancement of RIF levels in rat plasma. This activity was attributed to a flavonoid glycoside, 3’,5-dihydroxyflavone 7-O-b-d-galacturonide 4’-O-b-d-glucopyranoside (CC-I). It was also found that CC-I enhanced the Cmax and AUC (area under the curve) of RIF by 35 and 53%, respectively. It was concluded that the altered bioavailability profile of RIF could be attributed to the permeation-enhancing effect of this glycoside [44]. Recent work has shown that drug efflux pumps, such as P-gp, play very important roles in inhibiting drug entry into the systemic circulation [45]. P-gp is a type of ATPase and an energy dependent trans-membrane drug efflux pump that belongs to the family of ABC transporters. It has 1,280 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of ca. 170 kDa [46]. P-gp is gaining growing importance in absorption enhancement, and much work still needs to be conducted to explore its modulation due to its substrate selectivity and distribution at the drug absorption site. The bioactive fraction of C. cyminum has also been reported to enhance the bioavailability of erythromycin, cephalexin, amoxycillin, fluconazole, ketoconazole,

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zidovudine, and 5-fluorouracil [47]. The doses responsible for the bioavailability enhancement activity were noted to range from 0.5 to 25 mg/kg bodyweight. The bioavailability/bioefficacy of C. cyminum was attributed to various volatile oils, luteolin, and other flavonoids. Luteolin turned out to be a particularly potent P-gp inhibitor [48]. 4.8. Wound-Healing Activity. Wound healing is a process involving an acute inflammatory phase, followed by the synthesis of collagen and other intracellular macromolecules, which later remodel to form a scar [49]. In this context, the woundhealing activities of extracts and different fractions obtained from cumin seeds were evaluated on excision, incision, and granuloma wound models in albino rats. The alcoholic extract and its petroleum-ether fraction were noted to show better epithelisation in open and restructured incision and granuloma wound models as compared to the control. However, the AcOEt fraction failed to exhibit significant wound-healing activity [49]. Other studies also demonstrated that triterpenes are the main constituents responsible for wound healing [50] [51]. It can, therefore, be inferred that terpenoids in the alcoholic extract and petroleum-ether fraction were responsible for the wound healing activity of cumin seeds [52]. 4.9. Ovicidal (Insecticidal) Activity. The exposure to vapors of essential oil from cumin has been reported to result in a 100% mortality of the eggs of Tribolium confusum and Ephestia kuehniella. At a concentration of 98.5 ml cumin essential oil/l air, the TL99 (median lethal time) value for Ephestia kuehniella was 127.0 h [53]. More recently, Yeom et al. [54] evaluated the insecticidal and acethylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibition activity of cumin and Apicaceae plant essential oils in adult male and female Blattella germanica. Cumin displayed > 90% fumigant toxicity against German adult male cockroaches at a concentration of 5 mg/ filter-paper [54]. 4.10. Antioxidant Activity. The antiradical and antioxidant activities of cumin essential oils have been extensively investigated. The results obtained from b-carotene bleaching tests were better than those from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) scan tests [21]. Muthamma-Milan et al. [55] reported that cumin extracts obtained by hot water and NaCl induced significant increases in enzymatic activities, including those of amylase, lipase, and phytase. Both extracts were also displayed very high antiradical activity when compared to that of the essential oil. Recently, Rebey Bettaieb et al. [18] evaluated the effects of drought on the antioxidant activities of cumin (C. cyminum L.) seeds from two geographic origins, namely Tunisia and India. The results revealed that the seeds from plants treated with different levels of water deficit exhibited the highest antioxidant activities, which were evaluated using four different systems: DPPH, b-carotene, linoleic acid chelating, and reducing power assays [18]. 4.11. Other Effects. The MeOH extracts of cumin and rosemary have been reported to exert a protective role against several biomolecular damage forms affecting proteins, lipids, and DNA, particularly those caused by peroxynitrite [56]. Platel and Srinivasan [57] studied the effects of cumin and other spices on bile-secretion rates and bile-acid contents. The spices were administered either through dietary ingestion or as a single oral dose. The results revealed that, while the dietary intake significantly influenced the bile-secretion rate and bile-acid content, the single-dose ingestion affected only the bile-acid content. Moreover, Janahmadi et al. [13] showed that the extracellular

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application of cumin essential oil (1 and 3%) significantly decreased the frequency of epileptic activity induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ ) in a time- and concentrationdependent way. The authors attributed this to potential effects on Ca2 þ and K þ channels. Furthermore, cumin contains safrole, a mutagenic compound which proved to degrade by cooking and/or irradiation. Last but not least, several mutagenic studies performed on different strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102) showed a very low oxidative mutagenic action caused by cumin [58]. 5. Conclusions. – Recent research has been marked by a revived interest in traditional plant-based medicines as a source of efficient and safe drugs. A significant number of traditional medicinal plant species have been submitted to modern drugdiscovery and development investigations, including biological, phytochemical, and toxicity studies, to elucidate the mechanisms and modes of activity of their constituents. As compiled in this review, the data provide strong evidence that C. cyminum possesses a wide range of promising biological features, including antibacterial, antifungal, ovicidal, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antitumoral, and antibiofilm-formation activities. Recent research indicates that several other pharmacological activities are yet to be explored. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Tunisia. They would also like to thank Mr. Anouar Smaoui and Mrs. Hanen Ben Salem from the English Language Unit at the Faculty of Science of Sfax, Tunisia, for their valuable proofreading and language editing services.

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Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) from traditional uses to potential biomedical applications.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a small annual and herbaceous plant belonging to the Apiaceae family. It is a multipurpose plant species cultivated in t...
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