This article was downloaded by: [Central Michigan University] On: 05 January 2015, At: 06:57 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Personality Assessment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hjpa20
Conservatism, Openness to Experience and Sample Bias Victor C. Joe , Robert N. Jones & Steve Ryder Published online: 10 Jun 2010.
To cite this article: Victor C. Joe , Robert N. Jones & Steve Ryder (1977) Conservatism, Openness to Experience and Sample Bias, Journal of Personality Assessment, 41:5, 527-531, DOI: 10.1207/ s15327752jpa4105_11 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4105_11
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply,
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 06:57 05 January 2015
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Sriiwizaq. Twc rxperiinencr were conduc:eii :> esaniine :he ;rlatiar,ship be:\seer! ~ o n s e r ~ a t i s rsnd n openness to asperiences. In Study 1. the xsponses of 64 maies and 62 fernzics ro tile Conservxtis:~ Scnie and :he Coan i1972i Lsperiencr 1nwc:o::. were correla~ed.Fo: the torsi sample. conservstis.r. was sign~ficacrl\ rehted ?cf !he rctai score of !he Experience Inven:o:y pigs siu o i seven cf zhe conponent scsies. Sruci:, If examinet :he re!z:icnship b e w e e n consexarism and ;he expressed willingness tc? mlunteei for certain psychoiopical rxperxnenls ?ha1 were ass:imed t c reqcire n o r e cpenness. Subjects were 91 :rides 2nd 114 f e n d s f m n introductcry ps! cholog). ciasses. High ccnseri-atit-? subj?cti were iess wiling tc: voluntee: for the experiments :ha$ reqi~uedmore cpenness as conps:e6 ro low conservative sub!,jests. These results were &cussed in the contest cf wlunreer bbs L~I
When Wilson and Patterson (1968j developed the Conserratisx Scaie, they defined the extreme conservative person 9s displaying: ~eli@ousftindamentalism ri&t wing politics: orientation: insisience ort srria ruies and punishments: preference for- conve~tionaizrt : clothing, and mstitxnons; mti-hedonistic outlook: :nxderance sf minority groups: and superstitious ses:stance to science. Severai studies have supported rhe consania vaildity of t h s scale. Recent i n v e s t l a -
h.~p~:hesized:o stem frorr; the threa: of compledr).. loss s f control cf one's own - .. 1 eeirce and desires and nouelt):. It forlows from h i s fztzer p:opositmn that k:gh conservatives m ~ j -:tempt . to c s - x with rhe threat of somplemry. ficvelty. and loss of axitrol cf one's own feelings and desires by lin->ti~g:he range of experiences to which rkqr :re ope2 an2 ir; [he scope of evenis oc which they are capable of being aware. The present s:udy
reports :wa mvesrj-
zioiu have demonstrated that zhe scale is garions r h i exanuned the relationship related r o superstitious behaviors between consen.atisrr, and op,.-mess to (Boshier. i 972). stin~uiusseeking! i&sh, experiences. Ic both studies. it was expec"detterberg. 5. Eeahy, 1973); arl prefer- ted that mnservatisn: woxld be inversely ences (Wiisoc, Ausman. & Mathews. related tso o-penness ro expriences. More I 973). premarl ial sexual experiences (Joe specificail>. for Study 11: it was hyporhe& b s t y i z . i 995 : ,Thomas. 1995 : J Q ~ : sized that if subjects were pronded the Brown. & Jones, 1976). hums (Wilson 6: :pporraniry to valunreer for several diiPatterson. 1969): belief in thc Protestmi :erent kinds of experiments. hi@ csonservethic anti aatho::rarianisn (Joe. 1974); ative subjects would show a iower ex.;:mi attitndes towar2 pztient care and pressed wiilingness to sdurireer for 7sychiatric t:eaimenf (Caine & Leigh? experiments that ir,vo!ve aesthetic sensii 972). Additianal reliabiliry. valiCiry. and ~iuity. indulgence i-i faatas). and sexual -s t r x t u r e data are reporred i~ behavior. STLDY I Wason ji 973). LVison j 19'73) hyporhes:zed rhar conservative a':iirudes reflecr a fear 31 En,:errair,ry. A i i ~ r d i i l g to :his view, Subjects were (34 males hC! females :eligious dogmatism, for exan:pie. is psycholoe :hypo;hesized to arise from fears of death. from several in:ro&mo:y s~~pernatural forces. and the cck-iown. sections who vqere rested in :heir class iiiki-rioh.re forms of uncertaicty. Similnariy, session. Ali received experinentsl credi: :he ce?nserva~ivePs adherence to external or adciitionet course credit for participzt. ,iuthority. convenrionaliry, rigrd morality. ing in the stady. The participants first 2nd opposj:ion to sexud freedom is completed :he Conservarisir, Scaie and
-
p
he E I I J O ~ S the content of his f a ~ t i s i e s wh2e the lcw scorer moids dziydreaming and prefers ro think a h g more cvderly, realistic. and zcmtructive avenues. The Conservatism Scaie (Willson & 9. Deliberate ar:d systematic rhought. Patterson. 196S) contarns 50 brief labels The h g h scorer expresses a preference for dessgned to assess somi att~tudesthat are orderly and pianfid thir,king and f r e q e n t ind~catrveof a person hoidng a conserva- in\dvernen% in it, This scak, however. trve r~ewponnt, e.g. "brrth conrroi" shows a riegative correlation with the "swcde," "churcb authority," "death ethers. penalty." 11: t h s study. several rteras were A11 compcnent scales are keyed ir: changed (see Bahr & Chad-wick. 1974) to such a way thai. high scores represent make them more rezdrly understandzble greater cperiness witk respecr I@ a @ven to Amerrcan partlapanis srnce the scale mode of experience. It was expected that was orrganally developed m New Zealand. conseri~atisrr;w o d d be inversely reiated For Instance, Item $50, "pqana pames." 13 a11 the component scales of the Experiwas changed to "pot parties," and Itern ence Inventory with :he exceptior, of the $4, "srudent pranks," was change& to Deliberate and Systematic Thought Scale "student demonstr~t~on~.)' Each ion- where a positive relationship was expecservatrve response 11: scored 2 , each red. rreu:rai resisonse I . and each izbera; response C. The C ~ a n Experlance 1nvenlo:gr Separate analyses were performed for ( 1972) 1s an 83- ex z n s t r u a e ~ trneasarrnaks arid females. Tabie i presents the mg a s~bjecr's epenness t o experiences correlations between the C'orsenr2tisn There ?re seven zompcnent scales to thls Scale and the seven compmear scales of ~nstmment whr& are described as the Experience Inventory for the t o ~ a i sampie a:~d for each sex group. Exami~aI. Aesthetic sensitivity 1:s. insensitiv- tion of Table 1 n4i reveal that ?or the ity. The P2gher scorcr reports a variety of total s?lmpie cor,senratism was significantaesthetic experiences. The low scorer ly related to the :oral score of the reports expenences which emphasize Experience Inventory plus six of seven of the component scaks. For males. ccnservclear representation and derrotaijon. 2. Unusaal perceptiorrs and associ- atisn wxs significantly related to aesaticrns. The high scorer. expresses different thetic sensitivity. construc:ive uriiizatlon unusual ways of expe~iencinghimself'. kis cf fantasy and dreams, induigmcz in fantasy; and delibe~ate and systematic body, and his phvsicd er?vironrne::.t. 3. Openness t o theoretical or hypo- thought. For fcmdes, consenatisxr: was theticd ideas. The high s c o w expresses signiGcantly related to h e of rhe seven that he e ~ j o y sabsrrac': and novel ideas c o ~ p o n e f i tscaies with the exceptior! GE and inteilectual puzzies. The iow sccrer, cons~ructive titilizatjon of fanlasy and dreams and de!iberzte and systematic on the other hand. dislikes such activ::ies. 4. Coi~structiveu t h a t i o n of f a t a s y thought. These resuits appear to support and dreams. The high scorcr reports the ase of dreams and daydreams for problem Wiisor,'s ( I 973j noticn that conservatives, by iimiting the range of experiences to soIving and other purposes. 5 . Openness to snconventiond views which they are open, are attempting ro of reality vs. adherence to mundane cope with the b e a t of corr.plexitl;, material reality. The kigh scorer indica~es noveity. and loss of ccrntrol cf one's cwr: a vi72l:ngness to entertair, ideas in such feelings and desires. High conservative reaims as astrology, ESP, astral projec- p2rtsc:pants report: a lower varrety of aesthetic expenences: fewer mtlsual ways tion, and reiacarnatior-.. 5. Indulgence in fzntasy vs. avoidance uf experlencxng hmself. h s body, and h s of fantasy. The high scorer reports that physical environmenr: a d~s~liteof
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 06:57 05 January 2015
then completed the Coan Experience Inven%.ory(I 972).
-c - y
Y.C. JOE, R.T.JONES. and S. RYDER
-
iiihie I
Co::elaclons
Beruees Corisexarism and Experiexe kcvc.ntor:~S&es
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 06:57 05 January 2015
Maies
rbs--.:, ... jdc.2~ m d uitelectuxl p p z ~ i e r : less \viilirgness to entertsin idtss ir:. such rezlms 2s sstrclogy. eytrrrser,sor>, percep,.,, LI,,ii. . and reiniarnzrion: an avoidance i)i d s y c h e - e a m n ~ :;:id
3
preiexx:cc t:? r h c k
~ I o ~t::&riy iz 2x6 rc.alisri< 'irics. The few :orirradictory cjr;e]a;?ons between the sexes could be explzined bj. :he norlc;c that maies w r e more apex :hln kclai:s ill ::;iim of ac:iyi:y or acriop, ;i/hc: fc.majer appear :c be -qo:.e opes in the realm of Ceding and though: w h c h mosr of ths items ir; the invenlory sezm 1:. :a: (Co:ist !392).
The aim ~f :he second exyerin~snrw a s ;o inwstlgare the r e i ~ t i m s h j p betweeil cor!servmsn-i and volunteering for s e v e r ~ l different h n d s of p~pihi;iogii.aI expenmerits. These csper:ments were descibed to the pa:-:kipants as be:% concerned .",i.& 5, 1 ~ human 1 ~ ses:~! response, aez!I~t.r~c in:e:ests. f a c r w pro&.lcrio:l, decision .. rriaGrig. 122 hiimar. lr was 3ntii.ipated Ih31 parli t i'pC
Journal of Personality Assessment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hjpa20
Conservatism, Openness to Experience and Sample Bias Victor C. Joe , Robert N. Jones & Steve Ryder Published online: 10 Jun 2010.
To cite this article: Victor C. Joe , Robert N. Jones & Steve Ryder (1977) Conservatism, Openness to Experience and Sample Bias, Journal of Personality Assessment, 41:5, 527-531, DOI: 10.1207/ s15327752jpa4105_11 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4105_11
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply,
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 06:57 05 January 2015
or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 06:57 05 January 2015
Sriiwizaq. Twc rxperiinencr were conduc:eii :> esaniine :he ;rlatiar,ship be:\seer! ~ o n s e r ~ a t i s rsnd n openness to asperiences. In Study 1. the xsponses of 64 maies and 62 fernzics ro tile Conservxtis:~ Scnie and :he Coan i1972i Lsperiencr 1nwc:o::. were correla~ed.Fo: the torsi sample. conservstis.r. was sign~ficacrl\ rehted ?cf !he rctai score of !he Experience Inven:o:y pigs siu o i seven cf zhe conponent scsies. Sruci:, If examinet :he re!z:icnship b e w e e n consexarism and ;he expressed willingness tc? mlunteei for certain psychoiopical rxperxnenls ?ha1 were ass:imed t c reqcire n o r e cpenness. Subjects were 91 :rides 2nd 114 f e n d s f m n introductcry ps! cholog). ciasses. High ccnseri-atit-? subj?cti were iess wiling tc: voluntee: for the experiments :ha$ reqi~uedmore cpenness as conps:e6 ro low conservative sub!,jests. These results were &cussed in the contest cf wlunreer bbs L~I
When Wilson and Patterson (1968j developed the Conserratisx Scaie, they defined the extreme conservative person 9s displaying: ~eli@ousftindamentalism ri&t wing politics: orientation: insisience ort srria ruies and punishments: preference for- conve~tionaizrt : clothing, and mstitxnons; mti-hedonistic outlook: :nxderance sf minority groups: and superstitious ses:stance to science. Severai studies have supported rhe consania vaildity of t h s scale. Recent i n v e s t l a -
h.~p~:hesized:o stem frorr; the threa: of compledr).. loss s f control cf one's own - .. 1 eeirce and desires and nouelt):. It forlows from h i s fztzer p:opositmn that k:gh conservatives m ~ j -:tempt . to c s - x with rhe threat of somplemry. ficvelty. and loss of axitrol cf one's own feelings and desires by lin->ti~g:he range of experiences to which rkqr :re ope2 an2 ir; [he scope of evenis oc which they are capable of being aware. The present s:udy
reports :wa mvesrj-
zioiu have demonstrated that zhe scale is garions r h i exanuned the relationship related r o superstitious behaviors between consen.atisrr, and op,.-mess to (Boshier. i 972). stin~uiusseeking! i&sh, experiences. Ic both studies. it was expec"detterberg. 5. Eeahy, 1973); arl prefer- ted that mnservatisn: woxld be inversely ences (Wiisoc, Ausman. & Mathews. related tso o-penness ro expriences. More I 973). premarl ial sexual experiences (Joe specificail>. for Study 11: it was hyporhe& b s t y i z . i 995 : ,Thomas. 1995 : J Q ~ : sized that if subjects were pronded the Brown. & Jones, 1976). hums (Wilson 6: :pporraniry to valunreer for several diiPatterson. 1969): belief in thc Protestmi :erent kinds of experiments. hi@ csonservethic anti aatho::rarianisn (Joe. 1974); ative subjects would show a iower ex.;:mi attitndes towar2 pztient care and pressed wiilingness to sdurireer for 7sychiatric t:eaimenf (Caine & Leigh? experiments that ir,vo!ve aesthetic sensii 972). Additianal reliabiliry. valiCiry. and ~iuity. indulgence i-i faatas). and sexual -s t r x t u r e data are reporred i~ behavior. STLDY I Wason ji 973). LVison j 19'73) hyporhes:zed rhar conservative a':iirudes reflecr a fear 31 En,:errair,ry. A i i ~ r d i i l g to :his view, Subjects were (34 males hC! females :eligious dogmatism, for exan:pie. is psycholoe :hypo;hesized to arise from fears of death. from several in:ro&mo:y s~~pernatural forces. and the cck-iown. sections who vqere rested in :heir class iiiki-rioh.re forms of uncertaicty. Similnariy, session. Ali received experinentsl credi: :he ce?nserva~ivePs adherence to external or adciitionet course credit for participzt. ,iuthority. convenrionaliry, rigrd morality. ing in the stady. The participants first 2nd opposj:ion to sexud freedom is completed :he Conservarisir, Scaie and
-
p
he E I I J O ~ S the content of his f a ~ t i s i e s wh2e the lcw scorer moids dziydreaming and prefers ro think a h g more cvderly, realistic. and zcmtructive avenues. The Conservatism Scaie (Willson & 9. Deliberate ar:d systematic rhought. Patterson. 196S) contarns 50 brief labels The h g h scorer expresses a preference for dessgned to assess somi att~tudesthat are orderly and pianfid thir,king and f r e q e n t ind~catrveof a person hoidng a conserva- in\dvernen% in it, This scak, however. trve r~ewponnt, e.g. "brrth conrroi" shows a riegative correlation with the "swcde," "churcb authority," "death ethers. penalty." 11: t h s study. several rteras were A11 compcnent scales are keyed ir: changed (see Bahr & Chad-wick. 1974) to such a way thai. high scores represent make them more rezdrly understandzble greater cperiness witk respecr I@ a @ven to Amerrcan partlapanis srnce the scale mode of experience. It was expected that was orrganally developed m New Zealand. conseri~atisrr;w o d d be inversely reiated For Instance, Item $50, "pqana pames." 13 a11 the component scales of the Experiwas changed to "pot parties," and Itern ence Inventory with :he exceptior, of the $4, "srudent pranks," was change& to Deliberate and Systematic Thought Scale "student demonstr~t~on~.)' Each ion- where a positive relationship was expecservatrve response 11: scored 2 , each red. rreu:rai resisonse I . and each izbera; response C. The C ~ a n Experlance 1nvenlo:gr Separate analyses were performed for ( 1972) 1s an 83- ex z n s t r u a e ~ trneasarrnaks arid females. Tabie i presents the mg a s~bjecr's epenness t o experiences correlations between the C'orsenr2tisn There ?re seven zompcnent scales to thls Scale and the seven compmear scales of ~nstmment whr& are described as the Experience Inventory for the t o ~ a i sampie a:~d for each sex group. Exami~aI. Aesthetic sensitivity 1:s. insensitiv- tion of Table 1 n4i reveal that ?or the ity. The P2gher scorcr reports a variety of total s?lmpie cor,senratism was significantaesthetic experiences. The low scorer ly related to the :oral score of the reports expenences which emphasize Experience Inventory plus six of seven of the component scaks. For males. ccnservclear representation and derrotaijon. 2. Unusaal perceptiorrs and associ- atisn wxs significantly related to aesaticrns. The high scorer. expresses different thetic sensitivity. construc:ive uriiizatlon unusual ways of expe~iencinghimself'. kis cf fantasy and dreams, induigmcz in fantasy; and delibe~ate and systematic body, and his phvsicd er?vironrne::.t. 3. Openness t o theoretical or hypo- thought. For fcmdes, consenatisxr: was theticd ideas. The high s c o w expresses signiGcantly related to h e of rhe seven that he e ~ j o y sabsrrac': and novel ideas c o ~ p o n e f i tscaies with the exceptior! GE and inteilectual puzzies. The iow sccrer, cons~ructive titilizatjon of fanlasy and dreams and de!iberzte and systematic on the other hand. dislikes such activ::ies. 4. Coi~structiveu t h a t i o n of f a t a s y thought. These resuits appear to support and dreams. The high scorcr reports the ase of dreams and daydreams for problem Wiisor,'s ( I 973j noticn that conservatives, by iimiting the range of experiences to soIving and other purposes. 5 . Openness to snconventiond views which they are open, are attempting ro of reality vs. adherence to mundane cope with the b e a t of corr.plexitl;, material reality. The kigh scorer indica~es noveity. and loss of ccrntrol cf one's cwr: a vi72l:ngness to entertair, ideas in such feelings and desires. High conservative reaims as astrology, ESP, astral projec- p2rtsc:pants report: a lower varrety of aesthetic expenences: fewer mtlsual ways tion, and reiacarnatior-.. 5. Indulgence in fzntasy vs. avoidance uf experlencxng hmself. h s body, and h s of fantasy. The high scorer reports that physical environmenr: a d~s~liteof
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 06:57 05 January 2015
then completed the Coan Experience Inven%.ory(I 972).
-c - y
Y.C. JOE, R.T.JONES. and S. RYDER
-
iiihie I
Co::elaclons
Beruees Corisexarism and Experiexe kcvc.ntor:~S&es
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 06:57 05 January 2015
Maies
rbs--.:, ... jdc.2~ m d uitelectuxl p p z ~ i e r : less \viilirgness to entertsin idtss ir:. such rezlms 2s sstrclogy. eytrrrser,sor>, percep,.,, LI,,ii. . and reiniarnzrion: an avoidance i)i d s y c h e - e a m n ~ :;:id
3
preiexx:cc t:? r h c k
~ I o ~t::&riy iz 2x6 rc.alisri< 'irics. The few :orirradictory cjr;e]a;?ons between the sexes could be explzined bj. :he norlc;c that maies w r e more apex :hln kclai:s ill ::;iim of ac:iyi:y or acriop, ;i/hc: fc.majer appear :c be -qo:.e opes in the realm of Ceding and though: w h c h mosr of ths items ir; the invenlory sezm 1:. :a: (Co:ist !392).
The aim ~f :he second exyerin~snrw a s ;o inwstlgare the r e i ~ t i m s h j p betweeil cor!servmsn-i and volunteering for s e v e r ~ l different h n d s of p~pihi;iogii.aI expenmerits. These csper:ments were descibed to the pa:-:kipants as be:% concerned .",i.& 5, 1 ~ human 1 ~ ses:~! response, aez!I~t.r~c in:e:ests. f a c r w pro&.lcrio:l, decision .. rriaGrig. 122 hiimar. lr was 3ntii.ipated Ih31 parli t i'pC
