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Environmental Technology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tent20
Compost feedstock characteristics and ratio modelling for organic waste materials co-composting in Malaysia a
a
b
b
a
a
E. W. Chai , P. S. H'ng , S. H. Peng , W. M. Wan-Azha , K. L. Chin , M. J. Chow & W. Z. a
Wong a
Faculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
b
All Cosmos Industries Sdn Bhd, PLO 539, Jalan Keluli, Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate, 81700 Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia Published online: 13 May 2013.
To cite this article: E. W. Chai, P. S. H'ng, S. H. Peng, W. M. Wan-Azha, K. L. Chin, M. J. Chow & W. Z. Wong (2013) Compost feedstock characteristics and ratio modelling for organic waste materials co-composting in Malaysia, Environmental Technology, 34:20, 2859-2866, DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.795988 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.795988
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Environmental Technology, 2013 Vol. 34, No. 20, 2859–2866, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.795988
Compost feedstock characteristics and ratio modelling for organic waste materials co-composting in Malaysia E.W. Chaia , P.S. H’nga∗ , S.H. Pengb , W.M. Wan-Azhab , K.L. China , M.J. Chowa and W.Z. Wonga a Faculty
of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; b All Cosmos Industries Sdn Bhd, PLO 539, Jalan Keluli, Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate, 81700 Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia
Downloaded by [University of Alberta] at 17:25 23 October 2014
(Received 19 January 2013; final version received 9 April 2013 ) In Malaysia, large amounts of organic materials, which lead to disposal problems, are generated from agricultural residues especially from palm oil industries. Increasing landfill costs and regulations, which limit many types of waste accepted at landfills, have increased the interest in composting as a component of waste management. The objectives of this study were to characterize compost feedstock properties of common organic waste materials available in Malaysia. Thus, a ratio modelling of matching ingredients for empty fruit bunches (EFBs) co-composting using different organic materials in Malaysia was done. Organic waste materials with a C/N ratio of 50%) except for black soil (22.92%) and peat soil (27.38%). The organic matter possesses many desirable properties such as high water holding capabilities, cation exchange capacity, sequester contaminants (both organic and inorganic), enhanced nutrient uptake, and beneficial effects on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil.[25–27] For the chemical composition, PKC contained the highest lignin (35.37%) followed by rice husk (30.91%), coffee grounds (27.88%), DC (25.29%), cocoa shell (23.99%), EFB (12.54%) and OPT (10.54%). Holocellulose in all organic materials ranged from 36.43% to 72.44%, while alphacellulose ranged from 21.33% to 47.16%, respectively. During composting, microorganisms use the organic matter as their food or source of energy, producing heat, carbon dioxide, water vapour and humus as a result of their active growth and activity.[28] Decomposition of organic compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin occurs in each compost pile; however, the amount of different organic compound will affect the composting rate. Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate present in the organic matter in nature. When cellulose is associated
Environmental Technology Table 2.
Average total organic matters and organic compounds of selected organic waste materials.
Raw materials
Downloaded by [University of Alberta] at 17:25 23 October 2014
2863
Total organic matters (%)
Industrial by-product Coffee grounds Cocoa shell Rice husk Sewage sludge Palm oil solid waste EFB OPT POMS PKC DC Others organic materials Black soil Peat soil Chicken manure
Acid-insoluble lignin (%)
Holocellulose (%)
α-cellulose (%)
Oil and grease (%)
96.49 88.36 86.02 55.45
27.88 23.99 30.91 N/A
43.36 48.21 50.11 N/A
29.95 47.16 43.67 N/A
5.94 7.32 0.32 0.45
93.60 98.67 53.04 85.65 70.65
12.54 10.54 N/A 35.37 25.29
72.44 69.40 N/A 45.33 36.43
42.85 33.12 N/A 21.33 26.03
1.72 0.09 0.72 0.35 11.78
22.92 27.38 76.86
N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A
0.14 0.04 1.51
Notes: N/A, not applicable.
Table 3.
Heavy metal concentration in selected organic waste materials.
Heavy metal elements
EFB
OPT
PKC
DC
POMS
Chicken manure
Black soil
Peat soil
Sewage sludge
Cr (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Ni (mg/kg) As (mg/kg) Hg (mg/kg)
ND (
Environmental Technology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tent20
Compost feedstock characteristics and ratio modelling for organic waste materials co-composting in Malaysia a
a
b
b
a
a
E. W. Chai , P. S. H'ng , S. H. Peng , W. M. Wan-Azha , K. L. Chin , M. J. Chow & W. Z. a
Wong a
Faculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
b
All Cosmos Industries Sdn Bhd, PLO 539, Jalan Keluli, Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate, 81700 Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia Published online: 13 May 2013.
To cite this article: E. W. Chai, P. S. H'ng, S. H. Peng, W. M. Wan-Azha, K. L. Chin, M. J. Chow & W. Z. Wong (2013) Compost feedstock characteristics and ratio modelling for organic waste materials co-composting in Malaysia, Environmental Technology, 34:20, 2859-2866, DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.795988 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.795988
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Environmental Technology, 2013 Vol. 34, No. 20, 2859–2866, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.795988
Compost feedstock characteristics and ratio modelling for organic waste materials co-composting in Malaysia E.W. Chaia , P.S. H’nga∗ , S.H. Pengb , W.M. Wan-Azhab , K.L. China , M.J. Chowa and W.Z. Wonga a Faculty
of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; b All Cosmos Industries Sdn Bhd, PLO 539, Jalan Keluli, Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate, 81700 Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia
Downloaded by [University of Alberta] at 17:25 23 October 2014
(Received 19 January 2013; final version received 9 April 2013 ) In Malaysia, large amounts of organic materials, which lead to disposal problems, are generated from agricultural residues especially from palm oil industries. Increasing landfill costs and regulations, which limit many types of waste accepted at landfills, have increased the interest in composting as a component of waste management. The objectives of this study were to characterize compost feedstock properties of common organic waste materials available in Malaysia. Thus, a ratio modelling of matching ingredients for empty fruit bunches (EFBs) co-composting using different organic materials in Malaysia was done. Organic waste materials with a C/N ratio of 50%) except for black soil (22.92%) and peat soil (27.38%). The organic matter possesses many desirable properties such as high water holding capabilities, cation exchange capacity, sequester contaminants (both organic and inorganic), enhanced nutrient uptake, and beneficial effects on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil.[25–27] For the chemical composition, PKC contained the highest lignin (35.37%) followed by rice husk (30.91%), coffee grounds (27.88%), DC (25.29%), cocoa shell (23.99%), EFB (12.54%) and OPT (10.54%). Holocellulose in all organic materials ranged from 36.43% to 72.44%, while alphacellulose ranged from 21.33% to 47.16%, respectively. During composting, microorganisms use the organic matter as their food or source of energy, producing heat, carbon dioxide, water vapour and humus as a result of their active growth and activity.[28] Decomposition of organic compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin occurs in each compost pile; however, the amount of different organic compound will affect the composting rate. Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate present in the organic matter in nature. When cellulose is associated
Environmental Technology Table 2.
Average total organic matters and organic compounds of selected organic waste materials.
Raw materials
Downloaded by [University of Alberta] at 17:25 23 October 2014
2863
Total organic matters (%)
Industrial by-product Coffee grounds Cocoa shell Rice husk Sewage sludge Palm oil solid waste EFB OPT POMS PKC DC Others organic materials Black soil Peat soil Chicken manure
Acid-insoluble lignin (%)
Holocellulose (%)
α-cellulose (%)
Oil and grease (%)
96.49 88.36 86.02 55.45
27.88 23.99 30.91 N/A
43.36 48.21 50.11 N/A
29.95 47.16 43.67 N/A
5.94 7.32 0.32 0.45
93.60 98.67 53.04 85.65 70.65
12.54 10.54 N/A 35.37 25.29
72.44 69.40 N/A 45.33 36.43
42.85 33.12 N/A 21.33 26.03
1.72 0.09 0.72 0.35 11.78
22.92 27.38 76.86
N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A
0.14 0.04 1.51
Notes: N/A, not applicable.
Table 3.
Heavy metal concentration in selected organic waste materials.
Heavy metal elements
EFB
OPT
PKC
DC
POMS
Chicken manure
Black soil
Peat soil
Sewage sludge
Cr (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Ni (mg/kg) As (mg/kg) Hg (mg/kg)
ND (
