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British Poultry Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbps20
Comparison of haematological values in restricted‐and ad libitum‐fed domestic fowls: White blood cells and thrombocytes a
a
a
M. H. Maxwell , G. W. Robertson , S. Spence & C. C. McCorquodale
a
a
AFRC Institute for Grassland and Animal Production, Poultry Department , Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS, Scotland Published online: 08 Nov 2007.
To cite this article: M. H. Maxwell , G. W. Robertson , S. Spence & C. C. McCorquodale (1990) Comparison of haematological values in restricted‐and ad libitum‐fed domestic fowls: White blood cells and thrombocytes, British Poultry Science, 31:2, 399-405 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071669008417270
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 12:08 18 February 2014
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British Poultry Science (1990) 31: 399-405
COMPARISON OF HAEMATOLOGICAL VALUES IN RESTRICTEDAND AD LIBITUM-FED DOMESTIC FOWLS: WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND THROMBOCYTES
Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 12:08 18 February 2014
M. H. MAXWELL, G. W. ROBERTSON, S. SPENCE AND C. C. McCORQUODALE AFRC Institute for Grassland and Animal Production, Poultry Department, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland Received for publication 2nd May 1989
Abstract 1. White blood cells and thrombocyte values were examined in normal domestic fowls of layer and broiler strains fed restricted or ad libitum diets. 2. Basophils were the only white blood cells to increase significantly in number after the period of food restriction. It is suggested that the increase may have been associated with stress. 3. There were more basophils in broilers than layers, in males than females and in younger than older birds. 4. In contrast, a decrease in the total number of white blood cells was seen in birds maintained on a restricted diet compared with those fed ad libitum. 5. Stress may also have been responsible for an increased thrombocyte count in the restricted birds as well as a slightly lowered eosinophil count. 6. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratios were not significantly altered by the restriction of food.
INTRODUCTION
In a companion study (Maxwell et al., 1990) the red blood cell characteristics of commercial strains of domestic fowls maintained on a restricted diet or fed ad libitum were investigated. The study showed that the Hb, PCV, MCH and MCV were all significantly reduced when broilers were fed a restricted diet. There was also a significant increase in the numbers of Rbc's compared with control broilers fed ad libitum. It was suggested that some red cell characteristics may be restored to 'normal' ranges by food restriction. However, the results also showed that there was a tendency to induce a microcytic normochromic anaemia in these restricted-fed birds. In the present study we examined 7 haematological reference values of the peripheral blood leucocytes including thrombocytes in broilers of each sex fed 399
400
M. H. MAXWELL et al.
a restricted diet from 4 to 20 weeks of age and measured at weekly intervals. Blood profiles of broilers and layer strains fed ad libitum were examined for comparison.
Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 12:08 18 February 2014
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The strains of birds, diets and collection of blood were the same as those described in the companion study (Maxwell et al., 1990). Blood samples were diluted 1:50 000 in Isoton II and the total number of cells recorded using an electronic particle counter (Fn model: Coulter Electronics Ltd). Two separate dilutions were made with each sample, read 5 times and the mean of each diluted sample was corrected with the coincidence correction chart (Coulter Electronics Ltd). The following settings were judged to give good plateaux for fowl blood cells: orifice diameter 100 jam, attentuation 0*707, aperture 16, threshold 12. The counter was calibrated with cell control 4C (Coulter Electronics Ltd) and also with blood from human volunteers. The white blood cell (Wbc) and thrombocyte (Thr) counts were calculated from the total electronic cell counts using Wbc/Thr ratios in blood films (Smith and Licence, 1977). The Wbc/Thr ratio was estimated by determining the ratio of Wbc's to Thr's in 24 fields of a stained blood film using a 21 mm graticule (Graticules Ltd, Tonbridge, Kent) and a X40 objective. Blood films were air-dried, fixed in methanol and stained in concentrated May Grunwald stain for 3 min and 1:10 Giemsa stain for 15 min. In the differential Wbc counts, 100 white cells were examined. All blood counts were carried out by the same investigator. The heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were determined by dividing the number of heterophils by the number of lymphocytes (Gross and Siegel, 1983). The variance between observations within the individual groups of birds tended to increase with the mean and taking square roots of the counts removed much of this heterogeneity. Analyses of variance were therefore performed in the square root scale to assess the statistical significance of the effects of sex, strain, food restriction and age.
RESULTS
A summary of the main effects of sex, strain, food restriction and age group on the white blood cell and thrombocyte counts is presented in the Table. This table contains means of counts observed between 4 and 20 weeks of age, their approximate standard errors and t statistics associated with the main effects in the transformed scale. The standard errors were calculated using the approximation for the standard error of a function of a random variable (Kendall and Stuart, 1963). For the purposes of the summary of results (Table) the age range 4 to 20 weeks was divided into two periods 4 to 12 weeks and 13 to 20 weeks.
Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 12:08 18 February 2014
TABLE iitiit
White blood cells
Effect
Heterophils
Eosinophils
i itfitl* LltCtl
Basophils
'DIICL if J lit* 1
Lymphocytes
Monocytes Thrombocytes
HL ratios
Restricted diet (broilers)
A R t
27620 23568 413
(666) (615) ***
7821 7162 0-47
(314) (300)
466-4 363-6 1-88
(37-4) (330)
1390 1616 303
(64) (69) ***
16329 12978 603
(425) 1620 (88) (379) 1446 (84) *** 0 64
46 502 50 600 3-22
(887) (925) ***
0-51 0-60 1-37
(0-30) (0-24)
Strain Ad lib.
L B t
27 683 27 620 0-38
(667) (666)
6337 7821 2-38
(283) (314)
360-8 466-4 2-38
(32-9) (37-4) *
972 1390 4-84
(53) (64) ***
18607 16329 3-84
(453) 1439 (83) (424) 1620 (88) **# 0-40
48374 46502 1-59
(904) (887)
0-35 0-51 2-92
(OH) (0-30) **
Sex
M F (
26162 26419 0-67
(529) (532)
7541 6672 201
(251) (236) *
379-5 414-4 0-66
(27-5) (28-7)
1437 1214 2-63
(53) (49) *«
15 082 16861 3-75
(333) 1739 (75) (352) 1265 (64) *** 3-55 ***
49 709 47 274 2-33
(748) (730) ***
0-54 0-43 2-23
(0-29) (0-20) *
weeks weeks
25 788 26 855
(511) (553)
6983 7246
(236) (254)
436-4 352-6
(28-7) (27-3)
1399 1243
(51) (51)
15 655 16327
(330) 1323 (63) (357) 1703 (76)
48406 48 588
(718) (762)
0-48 0-49
(0-22) (0-29)
t
1-78
214
*
1-98
1-48
3-70
4-12 Age 13-20
0-88
M Male, F Female, L Layer, B Broiler, A Ad libitum, R Restricted. t Student's ( statistic with 488 DF in transformed scale. *** P < 0 0 0 1 ; ** F < 0 01; * P < 0 0 5 .
***
0-35
0
a n o > >
zo
oo o
M H
o
402
M. H. MAXWELL et al.
Total Wbc counts
The table shows that there were significantly more Wbc's in the broilers fed ad libitum (27,620) than restricted birds (23,568). There were no significant main effects of strain, sex or age group.
Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 12:08 18 February 2014
Basophils
There was a highly significant increase in the number of basophils from broilers fed a restricted diet (1616) compared with those fed ad libitum (1390) (Table). Similarly, more basophils were counted in broilers fed ad libitum (1390) than in layers (972) (P
British Poultry Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbps20
Comparison of haematological values in restricted‐and ad libitum‐fed domestic fowls: White blood cells and thrombocytes a
a
a
M. H. Maxwell , G. W. Robertson , S. Spence & C. C. McCorquodale
a
a
AFRC Institute for Grassland and Animal Production, Poultry Department , Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS, Scotland Published online: 08 Nov 2007.
To cite this article: M. H. Maxwell , G. W. Robertson , S. Spence & C. C. McCorquodale (1990) Comparison of haematological values in restricted‐and ad libitum‐fed domestic fowls: White blood cells and thrombocytes, British Poultry Science, 31:2, 399-405 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071669008417270
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 12:08 18 February 2014
Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/ page/terms-and-conditions
British Poultry Science (1990) 31: 399-405
COMPARISON OF HAEMATOLOGICAL VALUES IN RESTRICTEDAND AD LIBITUM-FED DOMESTIC FOWLS: WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND THROMBOCYTES
Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 12:08 18 February 2014
M. H. MAXWELL, G. W. ROBERTSON, S. SPENCE AND C. C. McCORQUODALE AFRC Institute for Grassland and Animal Production, Poultry Department, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland Received for publication 2nd May 1989
Abstract 1. White blood cells and thrombocyte values were examined in normal domestic fowls of layer and broiler strains fed restricted or ad libitum diets. 2. Basophils were the only white blood cells to increase significantly in number after the period of food restriction. It is suggested that the increase may have been associated with stress. 3. There were more basophils in broilers than layers, in males than females and in younger than older birds. 4. In contrast, a decrease in the total number of white blood cells was seen in birds maintained on a restricted diet compared with those fed ad libitum. 5. Stress may also have been responsible for an increased thrombocyte count in the restricted birds as well as a slightly lowered eosinophil count. 6. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratios were not significantly altered by the restriction of food.
INTRODUCTION
In a companion study (Maxwell et al., 1990) the red blood cell characteristics of commercial strains of domestic fowls maintained on a restricted diet or fed ad libitum were investigated. The study showed that the Hb, PCV, MCH and MCV were all significantly reduced when broilers were fed a restricted diet. There was also a significant increase in the numbers of Rbc's compared with control broilers fed ad libitum. It was suggested that some red cell characteristics may be restored to 'normal' ranges by food restriction. However, the results also showed that there was a tendency to induce a microcytic normochromic anaemia in these restricted-fed birds. In the present study we examined 7 haematological reference values of the peripheral blood leucocytes including thrombocytes in broilers of each sex fed 399
400
M. H. MAXWELL et al.
a restricted diet from 4 to 20 weeks of age and measured at weekly intervals. Blood profiles of broilers and layer strains fed ad libitum were examined for comparison.
Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 12:08 18 February 2014
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The strains of birds, diets and collection of blood were the same as those described in the companion study (Maxwell et al., 1990). Blood samples were diluted 1:50 000 in Isoton II and the total number of cells recorded using an electronic particle counter (Fn model: Coulter Electronics Ltd). Two separate dilutions were made with each sample, read 5 times and the mean of each diluted sample was corrected with the coincidence correction chart (Coulter Electronics Ltd). The following settings were judged to give good plateaux for fowl blood cells: orifice diameter 100 jam, attentuation 0*707, aperture 16, threshold 12. The counter was calibrated with cell control 4C (Coulter Electronics Ltd) and also with blood from human volunteers. The white blood cell (Wbc) and thrombocyte (Thr) counts were calculated from the total electronic cell counts using Wbc/Thr ratios in blood films (Smith and Licence, 1977). The Wbc/Thr ratio was estimated by determining the ratio of Wbc's to Thr's in 24 fields of a stained blood film using a 21 mm graticule (Graticules Ltd, Tonbridge, Kent) and a X40 objective. Blood films were air-dried, fixed in methanol and stained in concentrated May Grunwald stain for 3 min and 1:10 Giemsa stain for 15 min. In the differential Wbc counts, 100 white cells were examined. All blood counts were carried out by the same investigator. The heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were determined by dividing the number of heterophils by the number of lymphocytes (Gross and Siegel, 1983). The variance between observations within the individual groups of birds tended to increase with the mean and taking square roots of the counts removed much of this heterogeneity. Analyses of variance were therefore performed in the square root scale to assess the statistical significance of the effects of sex, strain, food restriction and age.
RESULTS
A summary of the main effects of sex, strain, food restriction and age group on the white blood cell and thrombocyte counts is presented in the Table. This table contains means of counts observed between 4 and 20 weeks of age, their approximate standard errors and t statistics associated with the main effects in the transformed scale. The standard errors were calculated using the approximation for the standard error of a function of a random variable (Kendall and Stuart, 1963). For the purposes of the summary of results (Table) the age range 4 to 20 weeks was divided into two periods 4 to 12 weeks and 13 to 20 weeks.
Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 12:08 18 February 2014
TABLE iitiit
White blood cells
Effect
Heterophils
Eosinophils
i itfitl* LltCtl
Basophils
'DIICL if J lit* 1
Lymphocytes
Monocytes Thrombocytes
HL ratios
Restricted diet (broilers)
A R t
27620 23568 413
(666) (615) ***
7821 7162 0-47
(314) (300)
466-4 363-6 1-88
(37-4) (330)
1390 1616 303
(64) (69) ***
16329 12978 603
(425) 1620 (88) (379) 1446 (84) *** 0 64
46 502 50 600 3-22
(887) (925) ***
0-51 0-60 1-37
(0-30) (0-24)
Strain Ad lib.
L B t
27 683 27 620 0-38
(667) (666)
6337 7821 2-38
(283) (314)
360-8 466-4 2-38
(32-9) (37-4) *
972 1390 4-84
(53) (64) ***
18607 16329 3-84
(453) 1439 (83) (424) 1620 (88) **# 0-40
48374 46502 1-59
(904) (887)
0-35 0-51 2-92
(OH) (0-30) **
Sex
M F (
26162 26419 0-67
(529) (532)
7541 6672 201
(251) (236) *
379-5 414-4 0-66
(27-5) (28-7)
1437 1214 2-63
(53) (49) *«
15 082 16861 3-75
(333) 1739 (75) (352) 1265 (64) *** 3-55 ***
49 709 47 274 2-33
(748) (730) ***
0-54 0-43 2-23
(0-29) (0-20) *
weeks weeks
25 788 26 855
(511) (553)
6983 7246
(236) (254)
436-4 352-6
(28-7) (27-3)
1399 1243
(51) (51)
15 655 16327
(330) 1323 (63) (357) 1703 (76)
48406 48 588
(718) (762)
0-48 0-49
(0-22) (0-29)
t
1-78
214
*
1-98
1-48
3-70
4-12 Age 13-20
0-88
M Male, F Female, L Layer, B Broiler, A Ad libitum, R Restricted. t Student's ( statistic with 488 DF in transformed scale. *** P < 0 0 0 1 ; ** F < 0 01; * P < 0 0 5 .
***
0-35
0
a n o > >
zo
oo o
M H
o
402
M. H. MAXWELL et al.
Total Wbc counts
The table shows that there were significantly more Wbc's in the broilers fed ad libitum (27,620) than restricted birds (23,568). There were no significant main effects of strain, sex or age group.
Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 12:08 18 February 2014
Basophils
There was a highly significant increase in the number of basophils from broilers fed a restricted diet (1616) compared with those fed ad libitum (1390) (Table). Similarly, more basophils were counted in broilers fed ad libitum (1390) than in layers (972) (P
