Research

Brief Report

Clinical Variability of Ocular Involvement in Mycosis Fungoides Denis Jusufbegovic, MD; Devron H. Char, MD

IMPORTANCE Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common subtype of cutaneous T-cell

lymphoma and may rarely infiltrate the ocular structures. Ophthalmic findings in MF can be highly variable. The most commonly involved ocular tissue is the eyelid skin, but intraocular involvement can be seen in patients with extensive systemic disease. To our knowledge, an isolated eyelid mass as an initial manifestation of MF has not been previously reported. OBSERVATIONS We report a series of 4 cases of ocular involvement in patients with MF demonstrating a highly variable ophthalmic presentation of this disease. The development of an isolated eyelid mass was an initial manifestation of MF in 1 of the patients. Isolated anterior uveitis, vitritis, and choroidal mass are described in 3 patients with aggressive systemic disease. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Infiltration of the ocular structures by MF is rare, but the

involvement of different ocular tissues and a highly variable clinical presentation can be seen. Eyelid lesion may be an initial manifestation of MF. These cases suggest that intraocular involvement occurs in patients with aggressive systemic disease and usually portends a poor prognosis for survival.

Corresponding Author: Devron H. Char, MD, The Tumori Foundation, 45 Castro St, Ste 309, San Francisco, CA 94114 ([email protected]).

JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(3):341-343. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.5223 Published online December 26, 2014.

M

ycosis fungoides (MF) is the most prevalent subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of CD4+/CD45R0+ helper T cells. It initially presents with erythematous plaques, patches, or tumors, but it may progress to involve the lymph nodes and visceral organs.1 Infiltration of the eye and ocular adnexa by MF is uncommon.2 Intraocular involvement most commonly occurs in patients who have advanced systemic disease, but the ophthalmic findings may rarely be initial presenting signs of MF. In this report, we describe 4 cases that demonstrate the clinical variability of ocular involvement in patients with MF. The study was approved by the institutional review board of California Pacific Medical Center. Patients provided written consent.

Author Affiliations: The Tumori Foundation, San Francisco, California (Jusufbegovic, Char); Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco (Char); Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (Char).

mainder of the ocular examination were unremarkable. Biopsy of the mass was positive for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma consistent with MF, which was treated with local radiotherapy. The patient has had a very complicated clinical course, with several recurrences involving the upper and lower left eyelid, right upper eyelid, and multiple facial lesions (Figure 1). He underwent repeated radiotherapy, systemic chemotherapy, and multiple facial reconstructive surgical procedures. The relentless disease of the left upper eyelid resulted in severe exposure keratopathy and corneal scarring, with hand motion vision OS. He is currently alive with an active nasal lesion and is undergoing systemic chemotherapy with liposomal doxorubicin and pralatrexate.

Case 2

Report of Cases Case 1 A man in his 50s presented in 2002 with a 2-month history of a rapidly enlarging isolated left lower eyelid mass. He had no systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, or malaise or a history of skin lesions. His examination was significant for an ulcerated 2.5 × 2.5 × 3-cm left lower eyelid mass that resulted in mechanical ectropion and periorbital edema. Inferior conjunctiva showed a giant papillary reaction while results of the rejamaophthalmology.com

A woman in her 80s with a history of MF diagnosed in 1995 presented in 2012 with a 4-month history of vitritis in the left eye. She underwent a diagnostic vitrectomy and was referred to the Ophthalmic Oncology Clinic at California Pacific Medical Center for further management. Her examination was significant for 1+ vitreous cell in the left eye. There was no anterior segment inflammation or chorioretinal lesions. Vitreous cytologic evaluation showed numerous large cerebriform nuclei in the background of necrosis, which was consistent with MF (Figure 2). The patient was treated with intravitreal injections of methotrexate, 400 μg, with a good response. No evi(Reprinted) JAMA Ophthalmology March 2015 Volume 133, Number 3

Copyright 2015 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Downloaded From: http://archopht.jamanetwork.com/ by a New York University User on 06/02/2015

341

Research Brief Report

Ocular Involvement in Mycosis Fungoides

Figure 1. Eyelid Mass A

B

C

Case 1. A, Isolated ulcerated left lower eyelid mass with associated lower eyelid edema. B, Resolution of the eyelid mass 6 months after radiotherapy. C, Multiple recurrent facial lesions 8 years after the initial presentation.

Figure 2. Cytopathologic Findings

Figure 3. Choroidal Lesion

Case 2. Vitreous biopsy of the left eye demonstrated large, atypical lymphocytes with cerebriform nuclei (arrowheads) called Sézary cells that represent systemically circulating cells in mycosis fungoides (Diff-Quik stain, original magnification ×400).

dence of active ocular disease was noted on her examination 8 months after the treatment. The patient died 4 months later of complications from systemic disease.

Case 3 A 50-year-old man presented in 1993 with a 1-month history of progressive vision loss in the left eye. His medical history was significant for hairy cell leukemia diagnosed in 1988, which was successfully eradicated with systemic chemotherapy. After developing skin lesions and nodules in late 1992, he was diagnosed with T-cell lymphoma consistent with MF. On examination, his visual acuity was 20/20 OD and hand motion vision OS. There was a positive afferent papillary defect in the left eye. Results of examination of the right eye were unremarkable. Results of examination of the left eye were significant for the presence of 2+ anterior vitreous cells and a large amelanotic posterior pole choroidal mass that measured 14 × 9 × 2.5 mm and involved the fovea (Figure 3). The patient underwent transscleral fine-needle aspiration biopsy of 342

Case 3. Large amelanotic choroidal mass with foveal involvement resulted in a rapid progression of vision loss 1 year after the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides. Arrowheads indicate the margins of the mass.

the choroidal mass, which was positive for T-cell lymphoma consistent with MF. His left eye was treated with 30 Gy of photon radiotherapy for 3 weeks. The patient died of aggressive systemic disease several months later.

Case 4 A nearly 40-year-old man with a history of T-cell lymphoma consistent with MF diagnosed in 1994 presented in 1997 with a 1-week history of progressive vision loss and severe pain in the left eye. His vision was 20/20 OD and counting fingers at 1 ft OS. Intraocular pressures were 8 mm Hg OD and 33 mm Hg OS. Results of examination of the right eye were unremarkable. Results of anterior segment examination of the left eye were significant for 3+ conjunctival hyperemia, moderate corneal edema, fine keratic precipitates, 3+ anterior chamber cells, and flare and hypopyon with a small hemorrhage involving the inferior third of the anterior chamber. There were trace cells in the anterior vitreous. Results of the fundus examination were

JAMA Ophthalmology March 2015 Volume 133, Number 3 (Reprinted)

Copyright 2015 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Downloaded From: http://archopht.jamanetwork.com/ by a New York University User on 06/02/2015

jamaophthalmology.com

Ocular Involvement in Mycosis Fungoides

Brief Report Research

normal. Results of the anterior chamber fine-needle aspiration biopsy were positive for T-cell lymphoma consistent with MF. Radiotherapy was recommended for the management of the intraocular involvement. The patient died of aggressive systemic disease 4 months later.

Discussion Mycosis fungoides is a rare disease and accounts for 4% of nonHodgkin lymphoma cases, with an annual incidence of 6.4 cases per million.3 Ocular abnormalities in MF are uncommon and occur in 2% of affected patients.2 Most ophthalmic findings are related to the eyelid and ocular surface disease. Ectropion is the most common manifestation of the ocular disease, which is indirectly caused by infiltration of the facial skin or by direct tumor involvement of the eyelid skin.2,4,5 The eyelid disease is usually difficult to manage and may lead to vision loss due to corneal scarring. The eyelid mass described in case 1 illustrates an isolated lesion originating in the lower eyelid as an initial manifestation of MF, which has not been previously reported, to our knowledge. In addition to the eyelid skin, the ocular surface may also be directly infiltrated by the tumor cells, resulting in nodular lesions on the conjunctiva and caruncle.6-8 Intraocular involvement is rarer and generally affects patients with extensive systemic disease. As evidenced by

ARTICLE INFORMATION Submitted for Publication: July 4, 2014; final revision received October 29, 2014; accepted October 31, 2014. Published Online: December 26, 2014. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.5223. Author Contributions: Dr Char had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: All authors. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: All authors. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Administrative, technical, or material support: All authors. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Dr Char is the director of The Tumori Foundation. No other disclosures were reported.

our cases, the clinical presentation of intraocular MF is clinically variable. Isolated anterior chamber involvement was seen in the patient in case 4, which has only been reported once.9 Isolated vitritis, panuveitis, chorioretinal lesions, and optic nerve infiltration have been described with MF previously.10-14 Intraocular disease is usually managed with radiotherapy or intravitreal injections of methotrexate. Vitreous involvement in the patient in case 2 was successfully treated with intravitreal methotrexate. Poor prognosis has been observed in patients with intraocular MF; all patients in this report who had intraocular involvement died of rampant systemic disease.

Conclusions This case series demonstrates clinical variability of ocular involvement in patients with MF. The most common clinical findings are related to eyelid disease, which may result in corneal scarring and vision loss. We have reported a unique case of an isolated eyelid mass as an initial presentation of MF. Intraocular involvement signifies advanced systemic disease and portends a poor prognosis, as demonstrated by the cases in this report. Although rare, this case series suggests that ocular involvement should be taken into consideration in patients with a history of MF who present with new ocular symptoms before the alternative diagnosis is assigned.

approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. REFERENCES 1. Olsen E, Vonderheid E, Pimpinelli N, et al; ISCL/EORTC. Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood. 2007;110(6):1713-1722. 2. Cook BE Jr, Bartley GB, Pittelkow MR. Ophthalmic abnormalities in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Ophthalmology. 1999; 106(7):1339-1344. 3. Criscione VD, Weinstock MA. Incidence of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973-2002. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(7):854-859. 4. Stenson S, Ramsay DL. Ocular findings in mycosis fungoides. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(2): 272-277.

Funding/Support: The project was supported in part by a grant from The Tumori Foundation.

5. Leib ML, Lester H, Braunstein RE, Edelson RL. Ocular findings in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Ann Ophthalmol. 1991;23(5):182-186.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The Tumori Foundation had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or

6. O’Day J, Rotstein H, Weiner JM. Conjunctival involvement with mycosis fungoides in a patient receiving PUVA therapy. Ophthalmology. 1985;92 (1):109-113.

jamaophthalmology.com

7. Rubegni P, Flori ML, Mittica V, Tosi GM, Fimiani M. A case of conjunctival involvement with mycosis fungoides successfully treated by surgery. Eye (Lond). 1997;11(pt 4):565-566. 8. Fradkin AH, Ruiz RS, Sloane JA. Mycosis fungoides involving the caruncle. Am J Ophthalmol. 1969;68(4):719-722. 9. Ralli M, Goldman JW, Lee E, Pinter-Brown LC, Glasgow BJ, Sarraf D. Intraocular involvement of mycosis fungoides. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(3): 343-345. 10. Foerster HC. Mycosis fungoides with intraocular involvement. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1960;64:308-313. 11. Leitch RJ, Rennie IG, Parsons MA. Ocular involvement in mycosis fungoides. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77(2):126-127. 12. Pariser DM. Mycosis fungoides involving the brain and optic nerves. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114(3): 397-399. 13. Williams GC, Holz E, Lee AG, Font RL. T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of vitreous associated with mycosis fungoides. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000; 118(2):278-280. 14. Reddy R, Kim SJ. Intraocular T-cell lymphoma due to mycosis fungoides and response to intravitreal methotrexate. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2011;19(4):234-236.

(Reprinted) JAMA Ophthalmology March 2015 Volume 133, Number 3

Copyright 2015 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Downloaded From: http://archopht.jamanetwork.com/ by a New York University User on 06/02/2015

343

Clinical variability of ocular involvement in mycosis fungoides.

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and may rarely infiltrate the ocular structures. Ophthalmic findings in...
285KB Sizes 1 Downloads 9 Views