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Y LOGADOTTIR ET AL.
6 van de Merwe JP, Nordling J, Bouchelouche P et al. Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: an ESSIC proposal. Eur. Urol. 2008; 53: 60–7. 7 Fall M, Baranowski AP, Elneil S et al. EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. Eur. Urol. 2010; 57: 35–48. 8 Peeker R, Fall M. Toward a precise definition of interstitial cystitis: further evidence of differences in classic and nonulcer disease. J. Urol. 2002; 167: 2470–2. 9 Johansson SL, Fall M. Clinical features and spectrum of light microscopic changes in interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 1990; 143: 1118–24. 10 Logadottir Y, Fall M, Kabjorn-Gustafsson C, Peeker R. Clinical characteristics differ considerably between phenotypes of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 2012; 46: 365–70. 11 Gillenwater JY, Wein AJ. Summary of the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases Workshop on Interstitial Cystitis, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, August 28–29, 1987. J. Urol. 1988; 140: 203–6. 12 Logadottir Y, Hallsberg L, Fall M, Peeker R, Delbro D. Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis ESSIC type 3C: high expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in inflammatory cells. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 2012; 47: 52–6. 13 Kastrup J, Hald T, Larsen S, Nielsen VG. Histamine content and mast cell count of detrusor muscle in patients with interstitial cystitis and other types of chronic cystitis. Br. J. Urol. 1983; 55: 495–500. 14 Larsen MS, Mortensen S, Nordling J, Horn T. Quantifying mast cells in bladder pain syndrome by immunohistochemical analysis. BJU Int. 2008; 102: 204–7; discussion 207. 15 Ehren I, Hosseini A, Herulf M, Lundberg JO, Wiklund NP. Measurement of luminal nitric oxide in bladder inflammation using a silicon balloon catheter: a novel minimally invasive method. Urology 1999; 54: 264–7. 16 Logadottir Y, Ehren I, Fall M, Wiklund NP, Peeker R. Intravesical nitric oxide production discriminates between classic and nonulcer interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2004; 171: 1148–50; discussion 1150–1.
17 Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D, Sant GR. Mast cell involvement in interstitial cystitis: a review of human and experimental evidence. Urology 2001; 57 (6 Suppl 1): 47–55. 18 Peeker R, Enerback L, Fall M, Aldenborg F. Recruitment, distribution and phenotypes of mast cells in interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2000; 163: 1009–15. 19 Larsen S, Thompson SA, Hald T et al. Mast cells in interstitial cystitis. Br. J. Urol. 1982; 54: 283–6. 20 Feltis JT, Perez-Marrero R, Emerson LE. Increased mast cells of the bladder in suspected cases of interstitial cystitis: a possible disease marker. J. Urol. 1987; 138: 42–3. 21 Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am. J. Physiol. 1996; 271 (5 Pt 1): C1424–37. 22 Logadottir Y, Hallsberg L, Fall M, Peeker R, Delbro D. Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis ESSIC type 3C: high expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in inflammatory cells. Scand. J. Urol. 2012; 47: 52–6. 23 Koskela LR, Poljakovic M, Ehren I, Wiklund NP, de Verdier PJ. Localization and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in patients after BCG treatment for bladder cancer. Nitric Oxide 2012; 27: 185–91. 24 Tyagi P, Killinger K, Tyagi V, Nirmal J, Chancellor M, Peters KM. Urinary chemokines as noninvasive predictors of ulcerative interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2012; 187: 2243–8. 25 Erickson DR, Belchis DA, Dabbs DJ. Inflammatory cell types and clinical features of interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 1997; 158 (3 Pt 1): 790–3. 26 Koskela LR, Thiel T, Ehren I, de Verdier PJ, Wiklunf NP. Localization and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2008; 180: 737–41. 27 Muhl H, Bachmann M, Pfeilschifter J. Inducible NO synthase and antibacterial host defence in times of Th17/Th22/T22 immunity. Cell. Microbiol. 2011; 13: 340–8. 28 Ogawa T, Homma T, Igawa Y et al. CXCR3 binding chemokine and TNFSF14 over expression in bladder urothelium of patients with ulcerative interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2010; 183: 1206–12.
Editorial Comment Editorial Comment to Inflammation characteristics in bladder pain syndrome European Society for the Study of Interstitial Cystitis type 3C/classic interstitial cystitis This excellent manuscript highlights and expands on Dr Fall’s contribution that interstitial cystitis is European Society for the Study of Interstitial Cystitis type 3C and Hunner’s lesion, and should be considered a separate entity.1 Although some would leave it as bladder pain syndrome, my own opinion is that, once diagnosed, it could be seen as a specific disease that no longer is a diagnosis of exclusion, and thus no longer a part of the bladder pain syndrome as we think of it. It would then fall into one of the many causes of bladder pain that can be differentiated with regard to pathology, etiology and/or response to treatment. As the authors suggest, deeper insight into the mechanisms of the inflammatory process is of paramount importance in the search for new diagnostic approaches. Future pharmaceutical and treatment trials should differentiate this group beforehand (perhaps by local cystoscopy possibly with
78
narrow band imaging), as this might improve outcomes and give us more specific therapeutic options. Philip Hanno M.D., MPH. Professor of Urology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA [email protected] DOI: 10.1111/iju.12337
Reference 1 Logadottir Y, Delbro D, Lindholm C, Fall M, Peeker R. Inflammation characteristics in bladder pain syndrome ESSIC type 3C/classic interstitial cystitis. Int. J. Urol. 2014; 21 (Suppl 1): 75–8.
© 2014 The Japanese Urological Association
Y LOGADOTTIR ET AL.
6 van de Merwe JP, Nordling J, Bouchelouche P et al. Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: an ESSIC proposal. Eur. Urol. 2008; 53: 60–7. 7 Fall M, Baranowski AP, Elneil S et al. EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. Eur. Urol. 2010; 57: 35–48. 8 Peeker R, Fall M. Toward a precise definition of interstitial cystitis: further evidence of differences in classic and nonulcer disease. J. Urol. 2002; 167: 2470–2. 9 Johansson SL, Fall M. Clinical features and spectrum of light microscopic changes in interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 1990; 143: 1118–24. 10 Logadottir Y, Fall M, Kabjorn-Gustafsson C, Peeker R. Clinical characteristics differ considerably between phenotypes of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 2012; 46: 365–70. 11 Gillenwater JY, Wein AJ. Summary of the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases Workshop on Interstitial Cystitis, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, August 28–29, 1987. J. Urol. 1988; 140: 203–6. 12 Logadottir Y, Hallsberg L, Fall M, Peeker R, Delbro D. Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis ESSIC type 3C: high expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in inflammatory cells. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 2012; 47: 52–6. 13 Kastrup J, Hald T, Larsen S, Nielsen VG. Histamine content and mast cell count of detrusor muscle in patients with interstitial cystitis and other types of chronic cystitis. Br. J. Urol. 1983; 55: 495–500. 14 Larsen MS, Mortensen S, Nordling J, Horn T. Quantifying mast cells in bladder pain syndrome by immunohistochemical analysis. BJU Int. 2008; 102: 204–7; discussion 207. 15 Ehren I, Hosseini A, Herulf M, Lundberg JO, Wiklund NP. Measurement of luminal nitric oxide in bladder inflammation using a silicon balloon catheter: a novel minimally invasive method. Urology 1999; 54: 264–7. 16 Logadottir Y, Ehren I, Fall M, Wiklund NP, Peeker R. Intravesical nitric oxide production discriminates between classic and nonulcer interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2004; 171: 1148–50; discussion 1150–1.
17 Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D, Sant GR. Mast cell involvement in interstitial cystitis: a review of human and experimental evidence. Urology 2001; 57 (6 Suppl 1): 47–55. 18 Peeker R, Enerback L, Fall M, Aldenborg F. Recruitment, distribution and phenotypes of mast cells in interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2000; 163: 1009–15. 19 Larsen S, Thompson SA, Hald T et al. Mast cells in interstitial cystitis. Br. J. Urol. 1982; 54: 283–6. 20 Feltis JT, Perez-Marrero R, Emerson LE. Increased mast cells of the bladder in suspected cases of interstitial cystitis: a possible disease marker. J. Urol. 1987; 138: 42–3. 21 Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am. J. Physiol. 1996; 271 (5 Pt 1): C1424–37. 22 Logadottir Y, Hallsberg L, Fall M, Peeker R, Delbro D. Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis ESSIC type 3C: high expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in inflammatory cells. Scand. J. Urol. 2012; 47: 52–6. 23 Koskela LR, Poljakovic M, Ehren I, Wiklund NP, de Verdier PJ. Localization and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in patients after BCG treatment for bladder cancer. Nitric Oxide 2012; 27: 185–91. 24 Tyagi P, Killinger K, Tyagi V, Nirmal J, Chancellor M, Peters KM. Urinary chemokines as noninvasive predictors of ulcerative interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2012; 187: 2243–8. 25 Erickson DR, Belchis DA, Dabbs DJ. Inflammatory cell types and clinical features of interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 1997; 158 (3 Pt 1): 790–3. 26 Koskela LR, Thiel T, Ehren I, de Verdier PJ, Wiklunf NP. Localization and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2008; 180: 737–41. 27 Muhl H, Bachmann M, Pfeilschifter J. Inducible NO synthase and antibacterial host defence in times of Th17/Th22/T22 immunity. Cell. Microbiol. 2011; 13: 340–8. 28 Ogawa T, Homma T, Igawa Y et al. CXCR3 binding chemokine and TNFSF14 over expression in bladder urothelium of patients with ulcerative interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2010; 183: 1206–12.
Editorial Comment Editorial Comment to Inflammation characteristics in bladder pain syndrome European Society for the Study of Interstitial Cystitis type 3C/classic interstitial cystitis This excellent manuscript highlights and expands on Dr Fall’s contribution that interstitial cystitis is European Society for the Study of Interstitial Cystitis type 3C and Hunner’s lesion, and should be considered a separate entity.1 Although some would leave it as bladder pain syndrome, my own opinion is that, once diagnosed, it could be seen as a specific disease that no longer is a diagnosis of exclusion, and thus no longer a part of the bladder pain syndrome as we think of it. It would then fall into one of the many causes of bladder pain that can be differentiated with regard to pathology, etiology and/or response to treatment. As the authors suggest, deeper insight into the mechanisms of the inflammatory process is of paramount importance in the search for new diagnostic approaches. Future pharmaceutical and treatment trials should differentiate this group beforehand (perhaps by local cystoscopy possibly with
78
narrow band imaging), as this might improve outcomes and give us more specific therapeutic options. Philip Hanno M.D., MPH. Professor of Urology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA [email protected] DOI: 10.1111/iju.12337
Reference 1 Logadottir Y, Delbro D, Lindholm C, Fall M, Peeker R. Inflammation characteristics in bladder pain syndrome ESSIC type 3C/classic interstitial cystitis. Int. J. Urol. 2014; 21 (Suppl 1): 75–8.
© 2014 The Japanese Urological Association
