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Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gnpl20
Chemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of the essential oils of Conyza linifolia and Chenopodium ambrosioides a
a
ab
Fathalla M. Harraz , Hala M. Hammoda , Maged G. El Ghazouly , c
d
b
Mohamed A. Farag , Ahmed F. El-Aswad & Samar M. Bassam a
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt b
Click for updates
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt c
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt d
Pesticide Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Elshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Published online: 11 Dec 2014.
To cite this article: Fathalla M. Harraz, Hala M. Hammoda, Maged G. El Ghazouly, Mohamed A. Farag, Ahmed F. El-Aswad & Samar M. Bassam (2014): Chemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of the essential oils of Conyza linifolia and Chenopodium ambrosioides, Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters, DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.988714 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.988714
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever
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Downloaded by [University of Victoria] at 05:30 16 December 2014
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions
Natural Product Research, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.988714
SHORT COMMUNICATION Chemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of the essential oils of Conyza linifolia and Chenopodium ambrosioides Fathalla M. Harraza, Hala M. Hammodaa*, Maged G. El Ghazoulyab, Mohamed A. Faragc, Ahmed F. El-Aswadd and Samar M. Bassamb a
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt; c Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; dPesticide Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Elshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Downloaded by [University of Victoria] at 05:30 16 December 2014
b
(Received 30 August 2014; final version received 9 November 2014)
Two essential oil-containing plants growing wildly in Egypt: Conyza linifolia (Willd.) Ta¨ckh. (Asteraceae) and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiaceae) were subjected to essential oil analysis and biological investigation. The essential oils from both plants were prepared by hydrodistillation, and GC/MS was employed for volatiles profiling. This study is the first to perform GC/MS analysis of C. linifolia essential oil growing in Egypt. C. linifolia essential oil contained mainly sesquiterpenes, while that of C. ambrosioides was rich in monoterpenes. Ascaridole, previously identified as the major component of the latter, was found at much lower levels. In addition, the oils were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria, and one fungus. The insecticidal activities of both oils, including mosquitocidal and pesticidal potentials, were also evaluated. The results of biological activities encourage further investigation of the two oils as antimicrobial and insecticidal agents of natural origin. Keywords: essential oil; GC – MS; Chenopodium ambrosioides; Conyza linifolia; insecticidal; antimicrobial
1. Introduction Essential oils are chiefly valued for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities (Svoboda & Hampson 1999). The essential oils of different Conyza species are rich in monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated compounds (Liu et al. 2010; Mabrouk et al.
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] q 2014 Taylor & Francis
Downloaded by [University of Victoria] at 05:30 16 December 2014
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F.M. Harraz et al.
2011). A few data are available concerning the essential oil of the Egyptian Conyza linifolia (Hilal et al. 1978) which prompted this study to determine its chemical composition. Antimicrobial activity was previously reported for some species of Conyza against both fungi (Jack & Okorosaye-Orubite 2008) and several bacteria (Jack & Okorosaye-Orubite 2008; Manguro et al. 2010). The genus Conyza is commonly called fleabane, which suggests the plant potential use as an insecticide. However, such effect has not been thoroughly investigated (Mansour et al. 2011; Mayeku 2011). Almost no study investigated the C. linifolia mosquitocidal effect specifically on the mosquito Culex pipiens (Khalaf 1999). Albeit limonene, the major component in most Conyza species, was proven to be highly toxic to C. pipiens larvae and adult mosquitoes (Mansour et al. 2004). The genus Chenopodium includes a variety of weedy herbs. C. ambrosioides oil is particularly rich in monoterpenes (Kokanova-Nedialkova et al. 2009; Chekem et al. 2010; ElSeedi et al. 2012). C. ambrosioides displayed antifungal activity (Kumar et al. 2007; Jardim et al. 2008), and in vitro antibacterial activities against two phytopathogenic bacteria (Pandey et al. 2012). The essential oil acted as an insecticidal agent against Lucilia ingenua and successfully protected grains from insect pests damage (Cloyd & Chiasson 2007). The essential oil of Egytian C. ambrosioides demonstrated larvicidal activity against C. pipiens mosquito larvae (Radwan et al. 2008). 2. Results and discussion 2.1. Chemical composition of the essential oils The analysis of the C. linifolia essential oil led to the identification of 25 compounds (Table S1) representing 92.5% of the total oil composition. It was evident that the oil is enriched in sesquiterpenes with a-Bergamotene (27.4%) and D-limonene (22.5%) presenting the major components. The compounds were separated into monoterpenes (35.3%) and sesquiterpenes (57.3%). This is the first report of the GC/MS analysis of C. linifolia essential oil from Egypt. On the other hand, oil of C. ambrosioides contained 12 volatile constituents (Table S1) with the major forms identified as o-cymene (39.2%) and a-terpinene (36.8%); monoterpenes accounted for 86.4% oil composition. Ascaridole, a peroxide previously identified as the major component of chenopodium oil (Monzote et al. 2014), was found at much lower levels in our study (1.87%). Ascaridole is a very sensitive compound that rearranges easily to isoascaridole (Cavalli et al. 2004), which in turn rearranges into 3,4-epoxy-p-menthan-2-one in the presence of any source of protons (Sudha et al. 1996). The latter metabolite was indeed present in the analysed oil. Although ascaridole has typically been found as the main component of C. ambrosioides essential oil prepared from various sources, essential oils from Nigeria and Mexico were found devoid of ascaridole (Sagrero-Nieves & Bartley 1995; Onocha et al. 1999). Such discrepancies in essential oil analyses results are likely due to physiological variation, genetic factors, harvest time or processing methods. It is noteworthy that two chemotypes of C. ambrosioides L.; var. anthelminticum and var. ambrosioides were previously reported (Chekem et al. 2010). Ascaridole has been found as a major component in the essential oil of the former versus low levels (0 – 5%) reported in the oil of the latter (Kasali et al. 2006; Tisserand & Balacs 1995). 2.2. Antimicrobial activity of the oils Antimicrobial activity results (Table S2) revealed that C. ambrosioides oil exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, whereas C. linifolia essential oil showed
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antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. Neither oil showed significant antifungal activity against C. albicans. MIC of C. ambrosioides oil was 3.9 and 7.8 mg/mL, respectively. In contrast, MIC of C. linifolia was 125 mg/mL. Consequently, the oil of C. ambrosioides was found more active. Comparing these results with that of the standard antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (MIC against B. subtilis and E. coli was 2.0 and 4.0 mg/mL, respectively, it was evident that chenopodium oil exhibited promising antimicrobial activities against some bacterial strains.
2.3. Insecticidal activity of the oils Results revealed that C. ambrosioides essential oil exhibits a significant larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens larvae, as evident from its low EC50 value (0.750 ppm). C. linifolia essential oil also demonstrated larvicidal activity against the same larvae, albeit at much lower levels with an EC50 value of 9.307 ppm. In contrast, C. linifolia essential oil showed a smaller EC50 (2.455 ppm) with a slightly stronger insecticidal effect against the adults of C. pipiens mosquitoes than C. ambrosioides oil (EC50 ¼ 3.097 ppm). The effect of both oils on the mortality of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae was insignificant with a high EC50 (. 5000 ppm) from both oils, suggesting a very weak insecticidal activity against that pest.
Supplementary material Experimental details relating to this article are available online, alongside Tables S1 and S2.
References Cavalli JF, Tomi F, Bernardini AF, Casanova J. 2004. Combined analysis of the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides by GC, GC–MS and 13C-NMR spectroscopy: quantitative determination of ascaridole, a heatsensitive compound. Phytochem Anal. 15:275–279. Chekem MSG, Lunga PK, Tamokou JDD, Kuiate JR, Tane P, Vilarem G, Cerny M. 2010. Antifungal properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides essential oil against candida species. Pharmaceuticals. 3:2900– 2909. Cloyd RA, Chiasson H. 2007. Activity of an essential oil derived from Chenopodium ambrosioides on greenhouse insect pests. J Econ Entomol. 100:459–466. El-Seedi HR, Burman R, Mansour A, Turki Z, Boulos L, Gullbo J, Go¨ransson U. 2012. The traditional medical uses and cytotoxic activities of sixty-one egyptian plants: discovery of an active cardiac glycoside from Urginea maritima. J Ethnopharmacol. 145:746–757. Hilal SH, Sayed MD, El-Alfy TS, El Sherei MM. 1978. Phytochemical study of Conyza linifolia Willd. growing in Egypt. 1. Study of the volatile oil constituents. Egypt J Pharm Sci. 17:83–86. Jack I, Okorosaye-Orubite K. 2008. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of the extract of leaves of fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis). J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 12:63–65. Jardim CM, Jham GN, Dhingra OD, Freire MM. 2008. Composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of the Brazilian Chenopodium ambrosioides L. J Chem Ecol. 34:1213– 1218. Kasali AA, Ekundayo O, Paul C, Ko¨nig WA, Eshilokun AO, Ige B. 2006. 1, 2: 3, 4-Diepoxy-p-menthane and 1, 4-epoxyp-menth-2-ene: rare monoterpenoids from the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var ambrosioides leaves. J Essent Oil Res. 18:13–15. Khalaf AA. 1999. Evaluation of toxicity of two plant volatile oils against laboratory and field strains of C. pipiens larvae. J Egypt Ger Soc Zoll. 28:61–71. Kokanova-Nedialkova Z, Nedialkov P, Nikolov S. 2009. The genus chenopodium: phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and pharmacology. Pharmacogn Rev. 3:280–306. Kumar R, Mishra AK, Dubey N, Tripathi Y. 2007. Evaluation of Chenopodium ambrosioides oil as a potential source of antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. Int J Food Microbiol. 115:159 –164. Liu ZM, Wang HY, Liu SS, Jiang NX. 2010. Comparative study of volatile components of essential oil from Conyza canadensis between hydrodistillation and steam distillation. Adv Mater Res. 113:1644–1647. Mabrouk S, Elaissi A, Jannet HB, Harzallah-Skhiri F. 2011. Chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, stems, flower heads and roots of Conyza bonariensis L. from Tunisia. Nat Prod Res. 25:77–84.
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Manguro L, Ogur JA, Opiyo SA. 2010. Antimicrobial constituents of Conyza Floribunda. Webmed Central Pharmacology. [Internet][cited 2012] Avaialable from: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/842 Mansour SA, Bakr R, Mohamed R, Hasaneen N. 2011. Larvicidal activity of some botanical extracts, commercial insecticides and their binary mixtures against the housefly, Musca domestica L. Open Toxinol J. 4:1–13. Mansour SA, El-Sharkawy AZ, Ali AR. 2004. Botanical biocides. 12. Mosquitocidal activity of citrus peel oils with respect to their limonene content. Egypt J Nat Toxins. 1:111–134. Mayeku PW. 2011. Variations in chemical composition and mosquito repellent efficacy of essential oil of Conyza newii from different regions of Kenya. Kenyatta University. Available from: http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/ 123456789/1954?show=full Monzote L, Pastor J, Scull R, Gille L. 2014. Antileishmanial activity of essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and its main components against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Phymedicine. 21:1048–1052. Onocha PA, Ekundayo O, Eramo T, Laakso I. 1999. Essential oil constituents of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. leaves from Nigeria. J Essent Oil Res. 11:220–222. Pandey AK, Singh P, Palni UT, Tripathi N. 2012. In vitro antibacterial activities of the essential oils of aromatic plants against Erwinia herbicola (Lohnis) and Pseudomonas putida (Kris Hamilton). J Serb Chem Soc. 77(3):313–323. Radwan M, El-Zemity S, Mohamed S, Sherby S. 2008. Larvicidal activity of some essential oils, monoterpenoids and their corresponding N-methyl carbamate derivatives against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Int Trop Insect Sci. 28:61. Sagrero-Nieves L, Bartley JP. 1995. Volatile constituents from the leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. J Essent Oil Res. 7:221–223. Sudha R, Narasimhan KM, Saraswathy VG, Sankararaman S. 1996. Chemo-and regioselective conversion of epoxides to carbonyl compounds in 5 M lithium perchlorate-diethyl ether medium. J Org Chem. 61:1877 –1879. Svoboda KP, Hampson JB. 1999. Bioactivity of essential oils of selected temperate aromatic plants: antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and other related pharmacological activities. Special chemicals for the 21st century Paris: Ademe. Tisserand R, Balacs T. 1995. Essential oil safety: a guide for health care professionals. London: Churchill, Livingstone.
Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gnpl20
Chemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of the essential oils of Conyza linifolia and Chenopodium ambrosioides a
a
ab
Fathalla M. Harraz , Hala M. Hammoda , Maged G. El Ghazouly , c
d
b
Mohamed A. Farag , Ahmed F. El-Aswad & Samar M. Bassam a
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt b
Click for updates
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt c
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt d
Pesticide Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Elshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Published online: 11 Dec 2014.
To cite this article: Fathalla M. Harraz, Hala M. Hammoda, Maged G. El Ghazouly, Mohamed A. Farag, Ahmed F. El-Aswad & Samar M. Bassam (2014): Chemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of the essential oils of Conyza linifolia and Chenopodium ambrosioides, Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters, DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.988714 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.988714
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever
or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [University of Victoria] at 05:30 16 December 2014
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions
Natural Product Research, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.988714
SHORT COMMUNICATION Chemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of the essential oils of Conyza linifolia and Chenopodium ambrosioides Fathalla M. Harraza, Hala M. Hammodaa*, Maged G. El Ghazoulyab, Mohamed A. Faragc, Ahmed F. El-Aswadd and Samar M. Bassamb a
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt; c Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; dPesticide Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Elshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Downloaded by [University of Victoria] at 05:30 16 December 2014
b
(Received 30 August 2014; final version received 9 November 2014)
Two essential oil-containing plants growing wildly in Egypt: Conyza linifolia (Willd.) Ta¨ckh. (Asteraceae) and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiaceae) were subjected to essential oil analysis and biological investigation. The essential oils from both plants were prepared by hydrodistillation, and GC/MS was employed for volatiles profiling. This study is the first to perform GC/MS analysis of C. linifolia essential oil growing in Egypt. C. linifolia essential oil contained mainly sesquiterpenes, while that of C. ambrosioides was rich in monoterpenes. Ascaridole, previously identified as the major component of the latter, was found at much lower levels. In addition, the oils were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria, and one fungus. The insecticidal activities of both oils, including mosquitocidal and pesticidal potentials, were also evaluated. The results of biological activities encourage further investigation of the two oils as antimicrobial and insecticidal agents of natural origin. Keywords: essential oil; GC – MS; Chenopodium ambrosioides; Conyza linifolia; insecticidal; antimicrobial
1. Introduction Essential oils are chiefly valued for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities (Svoboda & Hampson 1999). The essential oils of different Conyza species are rich in monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated compounds (Liu et al. 2010; Mabrouk et al.
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] q 2014 Taylor & Francis
Downloaded by [University of Victoria] at 05:30 16 December 2014
2
F.M. Harraz et al.
2011). A few data are available concerning the essential oil of the Egyptian Conyza linifolia (Hilal et al. 1978) which prompted this study to determine its chemical composition. Antimicrobial activity was previously reported for some species of Conyza against both fungi (Jack & Okorosaye-Orubite 2008) and several bacteria (Jack & Okorosaye-Orubite 2008; Manguro et al. 2010). The genus Conyza is commonly called fleabane, which suggests the plant potential use as an insecticide. However, such effect has not been thoroughly investigated (Mansour et al. 2011; Mayeku 2011). Almost no study investigated the C. linifolia mosquitocidal effect specifically on the mosquito Culex pipiens (Khalaf 1999). Albeit limonene, the major component in most Conyza species, was proven to be highly toxic to C. pipiens larvae and adult mosquitoes (Mansour et al. 2004). The genus Chenopodium includes a variety of weedy herbs. C. ambrosioides oil is particularly rich in monoterpenes (Kokanova-Nedialkova et al. 2009; Chekem et al. 2010; ElSeedi et al. 2012). C. ambrosioides displayed antifungal activity (Kumar et al. 2007; Jardim et al. 2008), and in vitro antibacterial activities against two phytopathogenic bacteria (Pandey et al. 2012). The essential oil acted as an insecticidal agent against Lucilia ingenua and successfully protected grains from insect pests damage (Cloyd & Chiasson 2007). The essential oil of Egytian C. ambrosioides demonstrated larvicidal activity against C. pipiens mosquito larvae (Radwan et al. 2008). 2. Results and discussion 2.1. Chemical composition of the essential oils The analysis of the C. linifolia essential oil led to the identification of 25 compounds (Table S1) representing 92.5% of the total oil composition. It was evident that the oil is enriched in sesquiterpenes with a-Bergamotene (27.4%) and D-limonene (22.5%) presenting the major components. The compounds were separated into monoterpenes (35.3%) and sesquiterpenes (57.3%). This is the first report of the GC/MS analysis of C. linifolia essential oil from Egypt. On the other hand, oil of C. ambrosioides contained 12 volatile constituents (Table S1) with the major forms identified as o-cymene (39.2%) and a-terpinene (36.8%); monoterpenes accounted for 86.4% oil composition. Ascaridole, a peroxide previously identified as the major component of chenopodium oil (Monzote et al. 2014), was found at much lower levels in our study (1.87%). Ascaridole is a very sensitive compound that rearranges easily to isoascaridole (Cavalli et al. 2004), which in turn rearranges into 3,4-epoxy-p-menthan-2-one in the presence of any source of protons (Sudha et al. 1996). The latter metabolite was indeed present in the analysed oil. Although ascaridole has typically been found as the main component of C. ambrosioides essential oil prepared from various sources, essential oils from Nigeria and Mexico were found devoid of ascaridole (Sagrero-Nieves & Bartley 1995; Onocha et al. 1999). Such discrepancies in essential oil analyses results are likely due to physiological variation, genetic factors, harvest time or processing methods. It is noteworthy that two chemotypes of C. ambrosioides L.; var. anthelminticum and var. ambrosioides were previously reported (Chekem et al. 2010). Ascaridole has been found as a major component in the essential oil of the former versus low levels (0 – 5%) reported in the oil of the latter (Kasali et al. 2006; Tisserand & Balacs 1995). 2.2. Antimicrobial activity of the oils Antimicrobial activity results (Table S2) revealed that C. ambrosioides oil exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, whereas C. linifolia essential oil showed
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antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. Neither oil showed significant antifungal activity against C. albicans. MIC of C. ambrosioides oil was 3.9 and 7.8 mg/mL, respectively. In contrast, MIC of C. linifolia was 125 mg/mL. Consequently, the oil of C. ambrosioides was found more active. Comparing these results with that of the standard antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (MIC against B. subtilis and E. coli was 2.0 and 4.0 mg/mL, respectively, it was evident that chenopodium oil exhibited promising antimicrobial activities against some bacterial strains.
2.3. Insecticidal activity of the oils Results revealed that C. ambrosioides essential oil exhibits a significant larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens larvae, as evident from its low EC50 value (0.750 ppm). C. linifolia essential oil also demonstrated larvicidal activity against the same larvae, albeit at much lower levels with an EC50 value of 9.307 ppm. In contrast, C. linifolia essential oil showed a smaller EC50 (2.455 ppm) with a slightly stronger insecticidal effect against the adults of C. pipiens mosquitoes than C. ambrosioides oil (EC50 ¼ 3.097 ppm). The effect of both oils on the mortality of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae was insignificant with a high EC50 (. 5000 ppm) from both oils, suggesting a very weak insecticidal activity against that pest.
Supplementary material Experimental details relating to this article are available online, alongside Tables S1 and S2.
References Cavalli JF, Tomi F, Bernardini AF, Casanova J. 2004. Combined analysis of the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides by GC, GC–MS and 13C-NMR spectroscopy: quantitative determination of ascaridole, a heatsensitive compound. Phytochem Anal. 15:275–279. Chekem MSG, Lunga PK, Tamokou JDD, Kuiate JR, Tane P, Vilarem G, Cerny M. 2010. Antifungal properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides essential oil against candida species. Pharmaceuticals. 3:2900– 2909. Cloyd RA, Chiasson H. 2007. Activity of an essential oil derived from Chenopodium ambrosioides on greenhouse insect pests. J Econ Entomol. 100:459–466. El-Seedi HR, Burman R, Mansour A, Turki Z, Boulos L, Gullbo J, Go¨ransson U. 2012. The traditional medical uses and cytotoxic activities of sixty-one egyptian plants: discovery of an active cardiac glycoside from Urginea maritima. J Ethnopharmacol. 145:746–757. Hilal SH, Sayed MD, El-Alfy TS, El Sherei MM. 1978. Phytochemical study of Conyza linifolia Willd. growing in Egypt. 1. Study of the volatile oil constituents. Egypt J Pharm Sci. 17:83–86. Jack I, Okorosaye-Orubite K. 2008. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of the extract of leaves of fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis). J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 12:63–65. Jardim CM, Jham GN, Dhingra OD, Freire MM. 2008. Composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of the Brazilian Chenopodium ambrosioides L. J Chem Ecol. 34:1213– 1218. Kasali AA, Ekundayo O, Paul C, Ko¨nig WA, Eshilokun AO, Ige B. 2006. 1, 2: 3, 4-Diepoxy-p-menthane and 1, 4-epoxyp-menth-2-ene: rare monoterpenoids from the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var ambrosioides leaves. J Essent Oil Res. 18:13–15. Khalaf AA. 1999. Evaluation of toxicity of two plant volatile oils against laboratory and field strains of C. pipiens larvae. J Egypt Ger Soc Zoll. 28:61–71. Kokanova-Nedialkova Z, Nedialkov P, Nikolov S. 2009. The genus chenopodium: phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and pharmacology. Pharmacogn Rev. 3:280–306. Kumar R, Mishra AK, Dubey N, Tripathi Y. 2007. Evaluation of Chenopodium ambrosioides oil as a potential source of antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. Int J Food Microbiol. 115:159 –164. Liu ZM, Wang HY, Liu SS, Jiang NX. 2010. Comparative study of volatile components of essential oil from Conyza canadensis between hydrodistillation and steam distillation. Adv Mater Res. 113:1644–1647. Mabrouk S, Elaissi A, Jannet HB, Harzallah-Skhiri F. 2011. Chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, stems, flower heads and roots of Conyza bonariensis L. from Tunisia. Nat Prod Res. 25:77–84.
Downloaded by [University of Victoria] at 05:30 16 December 2014
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