Candida albicans Adherence to Denture Base Material: Chemical Disinfection and the Effect of Acquired Salivary Pellicle Formation Emilio Jose´ T. Rodr´ıguez Acosta, DDS, MSc,1 Paulo Mauricio Batista da Silva, DDS, MSc, PhD,2 Matheus Jacobina, DDS, MSc,2 Vanessa Soares Lara, DDS, MSc, PhD,3 Karin Hermana Neppelenbroek, DDS, MSc, PhD,4 & Vinicius Carvalho Porto, DDS, MSc, PhD5 1

´ Professor, Department of Stomatology, Pontif´ıcia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic ˜ Paulo, Bauru, Brazil Postgraduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao 3 ˜ Paulo, Bauru, Brazil Associate Professor, Department of Stomatology (Pathology), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao 4 ˜ Paulo, Bauru, Brazil Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao 5 ˜ Paulo, Bauru, Brazil Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of Sao 2

Keywords Candida albicans; saliva; adherence; acrylic resin; chlorhexidine gluconate; sodium hypochlorite. Correspondence Emilio Jose´ T. Rodr´ıguez Acosta, Department of Stomatology, Pontificia Universidad ´ Catolica Madre y Maestra, Autopista Duarte Km1 ½, Santiago, Dominican Republic. E-mail: [email protected] The authors deny any conflicts of interest. Accepted March 14, 2014 doi: 10.1111/jopr.12197

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1% sodium hypochlorite (H1%) and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CG4%) on the adhesion of Candida albicans to denture base acrylic resins, as well as to verify the effect of the acquired salivary pellicle (ASP) formation on this process. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 acrylic specimens were immersed in distilled water (control) (n = 100), H1% (n = 100), or CG4% (n = 100) for 30 days. Twenty specimens were used in each experimental period (0, 1, 7, 15, 30 days). At the end of disinfection testing periods, 10 specimens of each group were exposed to human whole saliva to simulate ASP formation, and then all specimens were incubated with C. albicans ATTC 90028. Microorganism adhesion was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, after staining with Acridine orange. Results: In the 30th disinfection cycle in relation to baseline, the H1% or CG4%, without ASP formation, reduced the C. albicans adhesion by approximately 80%; however, with ASP, this reduction after disinfection with H1% was higher (88%). The presence of ASP resulted in higher reduction of adhered fungal cells in comparison to resin without ASP, at the 1st H1% or CG4% disinfection cycle, as well as at 30th H1% disinfection cycles. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the presence of saliva might influence the adhesion of C. albicans and improve the effectiveness of methods to reduce fungal adhesion.

Several species of microorganisms coexist in a dynamic biological cycle in the oral cavity. Most of these microorganisms, mainly those involved in pathological processes, survive when adhered to surfaces like the oral mucosa and dental materials. Candida albicans is one such organism and the focus of many studies, since its adhesion to denture acrylic surfaces is the first step in the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis.1 The etiology of denture stomatitis is considered multifactorial and is associated with bacterial infection, mechanical irritation, continuing use of dentures, and deficient denture hygiene. In addition, dietary deficiency, allergic reactions to acrylic dentures, and predisposed systemic conditions are also associated with C. albicans colonization, contributing to the appearance of the illness.2

When dentures are placed in the oral cavity, a pellicle derived from saliva, referred to as acquired salivary pellicle (ASP), is rapidly formed and can modify the dentures’ surface characteristics and the ability of microorganisms to colonize them.3 In a few minutes, dentures are covered by this layer of salivary proteins, and after 2 hours, molecules such as rich proline proteins, mucins, alpha-amylase, cystatins, proline, lyzozyme, glucosyltransferase, albumin, fibrinogen, and serum components are found in this film.4-7 The effects of saliva on the adhesion of C. albicans to acrylic surfaces are controversial. While some studies have shown that human saliva can increase the microorganism adhesion to acrylic surfaces8-10 as a result of the presence of salivary

C 2014 by the American College of Prosthodontists Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2014) 1–7 

1

Candidal Adhesion after Acquired Salivary Pellicle Formation

Rodr´ıguez Acosta et al

Table 3 C. albicans cell count (mean standard ± deviation) with ASP formation in the different groups

Table 1 Disinfection protocols Group C – ASP

C + ASP

H1% – ASP

H1% + ASP

CG4% – ASP

CG4% + ASP

Protocol

Evaluated periods

Immersed in distilled water for 10 minutes without ASP formation Immersed in distilled water for 10 minutes with ASP formation Immersed in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes without ASP formation Immersed in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes with ASP formation Immersed in 4% chlorhexidine gluconate for 10 minutes without ASP formation Immersed in 4% chlorhexidine gluconate for 10 minutes with ASP formation

0 (baseline), 1, 7, 15, and 30 cycles 0 (baseline), 1, 7, 15, and 30 cycles 0 (baseline), 1, 7, 15, and 30 cycles

0 (baseline), 1, 7, 15, and 30 cycles

0 (baseline), 1, 7, 15, and 30 cycles

0 (baseline), 1, 7, 15, and 30 cycles

Table 2 C. albicans cell count (mean standard ± deviation) without ASP formation in the different groups Without ASP formation Control Cycles 0 (baseline) 1st 7th 15th 30th

Disinfectant solutions

C

H1%

CG4%

99.53 ± 29.84 a 47.42 ± 21.68 a∗ 38.22 ± 38.59 a 30.81 ± 15.70 a∗ 30.22 ± 14.40 a∗

99.53 ± 29.84 a 96.81 ± 46.70 ab∗ 37.06 ± 29.84 ab 37.25 ± 12.96 ab 19.03 ± 10.37 b∗

99.53 ± 29.84 a 61.67 ± 38.03 ab∗ 44.58 ± 33.67 ab 18.53 ± 13.00 ab 20.44 ± 13.24 b

Means designated with the same letters vertically are not statistically different (p < 0.05).Means with asterisk (*) are statistically different comparing without and with ASP formation (Table 3) in each group. 11-14

15

components such as mucins and statherin, it has been also shown that salivary components such as lysozyme, histatins, lactoferrin, calprotectin, and S-IgA can interact with Candida spp.14,16-18 affecting their ability to adhere.19-21 In addition, some studies have proposed that saliva does not affect C. albicans adhesion to acrylic materials.22-24 The control of the adhesion of microorganisms on denture surfaces is the main objective of a large number of research studies.3,8,10,25-28 Accordingly, mechanisms that can cause the death, reduction, or reproductive control of these microorganisms have been used for the development of new methods of denture hygiene. One such method is the use of chemical solutions, like sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate, which have been successfully used to disinfect dentures.29-32 Sodium hypochlorite acts as organic and fat solvent degrad2

With ASP formation Control Cycles 0 (baseline) 1st 7th 15th 30th

Disinfectant solutions

C 73.64 25.00 23.70 18.86 10.28

± ± ± ± ±

30.10 a 18.51 ab∗ 13.93 ab 17.00 ab∗ 3.53 b∗

H1% 73.64 38.22 25.58 39.92 8.50

± ± ± ± ±

30.10 a 23.26 ab∗ 15.14 ab 22.82 ab 8.26 b∗

CG4% 73.64 30.08 57.97 33.95 16.11

± ± ± ± ±

30.10 a 39.91 a∗ 29.66 a 49.65 a 8.42 a

Means designated with the same letters vertically are not statistically different (p < 0.05).Means with asterisk (*) are statistically different comparing without (Table 2) and with ASP formation in each group.

ing fatty acids, transforming them into fatty acid salts (soap) and glycerol (alcohol), thus diminishing the surface tension of the remaining solution.33 In sublethal concentrations, it is also able to inhibit C. albicans adhesion to acrylic resins.34 Chlorhexidine gluconate is a positively charged hydrophobic and lipophilic molecule that interacts with phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the cell membrane of microorganisms, increasing its permeability and allowing the molecule to enter the cell.35 Chlorhexidine also has the ability to bind to oral surfaces with slow release, inhibiting the initial adhesion of fungus and other microorganisms efficiently, and consequently reducing the formation of biofilms.35 In subtherapeuthic concentrations, chlorhexidine may modulate the C. albicans36 and Candida dubliniensis37 germ tube formation, in addition to suppressing the relative cell surface hydrophobicity in C. dubliniensis strain, reducing its pathogenicity.38 Due to the relation of C. albicans adhesion with denture stomatitis appearance, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of ASP formation on the ability of C. albicans to adhere to denture base acrylic resins, after simulated chemical disinfection protocols with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine gluconate.

Materials and methods Preparation of acrylic resin specimens

For this experiment, 300 specimens of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were prepared from an acrylic resin denture base material (Lucitone 550; Dentsply International Inc., Chicago, IL). Thirty-six silicone rubber molds (Zetalabor, Zhermarck, Badia Polesine, Italy; 30 × 5 × 5 mm3 ) were used for the prespecimens, identically fabricated from a stainless steel mold with a breakaway compartment, and invested in a flask. After the rubber molds were removed, power and liquid acrylic denture base materials were mixed and processed according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and were polymerized (Solab, Piracicaba, Brazil) in boiling water at 73°C for 90 minutes, followed by 30 minutes at 100°C. After polymerization, acrylic resin pre-specimens were trimmed using a metal bur (Maxi-cut; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Both sides of each acrylic resin sheet were polished using a 600-grit

C 2014 by the American College of Prosthodontists Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2014) 1–7 

Rodr´ıguez Acosta et al

Candidal Adhesion after Acquired Salivary Pellicle Formation

Figure 1 C. albicans cell count (mean standard ± deviation) without and with ASP formation in the different groups in each experimental period. Asterisk (*) represents statistically significant differences compared with acrylic resin without ASP (p < 0.05).

silicon carbide paper (Norton Abrasives, S˜ao Paulo, Brazil), with a speed of 250 rpm under water cooling, resulting in a roughness of approximately 2 µm, measured using a rugosimeter (Hommel tester T 1000 basic; Hommelwerke GmbH, ref. #240851, Schwenningen, Germany). Readings were taken at six positions on the surface of each acrylic resin pre-specimen. Specimens (n = 300) were obtained after cutting the acrylic sheets into 5 parts (5 × 5 × 1 mm3 ). Specimens were ultrasonically cleansed (Ultrasonic Cleaner, Arotec, Odontobras, S˜ao Paulo, Brazil) for 20 minutes to remove any contaminants and artifacts from the surfaces. Then, the specimens were individually placed in 24-well tissue culture plates (TPP, Trasadingen, Switzerland) containing 2 ml of deionized water for 12 hours to promote residual monomer release, washed again in sterile distilled water, dried, and sterilized with ethylene oxide.25,39 Disinfection treatment

After the sterilization procedure, specimens were randomly assigned to six groups of separated treatments: C – ASP: Sterile distilled water for 10 minutes without ASP formation (Control); C + ASP: Sterile distilled water for 10 minutes with ASP formation (Control); H1% – ASP: 1% sodium hypochlorite solution (Calˆendula Farma, Bauru, Brazil) for 10 minutes without ASP formation; H1% + ASP: 1% sodium hypochlorite solution (Calˆendula Farma) for 10 minutes with ASP formation; CG4% – ASP: 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (Calˆendula Farma) for 10 minutes without ASP formation; CG4% + ASP: 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (Calˆendula Farma) for 10 minutes with ASP formation. The treatments were performed in a 24-well tissue culture plate containing 2 ml of water or disinfectant solution. After disinfection, each acrylic resin specimen was aseptically removed and rinsed for 1 minute with distilled

water to remove residual disinfectants, and gently dried with sterilized absorbent paper. The disinfection procedures were repeated to complete every test period (0, 1, 7, 15, 30 cycles) simulating a daily denture disinfection protocol. This procedure was similar for all specimens analyzed (Table 1). Human saliva collection

The saliva used in this study was previously tested in a pilot study that showed no fungal growth in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI) for the whole saliva from a single healthy donor, aged 25 years. After every completed test period, for the three ASP formation groups, unstimulated whole saliva was collected from the same healthy donor of the pilot by having the donor spit into a test tube (TPP). The volunteer was requested not to drink or eat for 2 hours before providing the saliva between 8:00 and 9:00 a.m. The collected saliva was centrifuged (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) at 10,000× g for 10 minutes to remove cellular debris, and the supernatant was collected and used immediately in the assays. Next, the acrylic resin specimens were placed in 24-well tissue culture plates (TPP) containing 2 ml of saliva for 30 minutes at 37°C. The specimens were then removed from the plates, rinsed for 30 seconds with distilled water, and used in the adherence assays.40 Inoculum and growth conditions

C. albicans (ATCC 90028) frozen culture stocks (at –70°C) were incubated in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) (Accumedia Manufactures, Inc. Lansing, MI) for 24 hours at 37°C under 150 rpm for reactivation. Afterwards, cells were harvested, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2), and spectrophotometrically (Ultrospec 100; Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) standardized to 1 × 107 cells/ml in PBS.41

C 2014 by the American College of Prosthodontists Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2014) 1–7 

3

Candidal Adhesion after Acquired Salivary Pellicle Formation

Rodr´ıguez Acosta et al

Figure 2 Fluorescence micrographs of yeasts adhered to acrylic resin without (A) and with (B) the ASP formation with distilled water – (control) at baseline. Micrographs of yeasts adhered to acrylic resin without (C) and with (D) ASP formation at 30th disinfection cycle with distilled water (control).

Figure 3 Fluorescence micrographs of yeasts adhered to acrylic resin without (A) and with (B) ASP formation after 30 cycles of disinfection with sodium hypochlorite. Micrographs of yeasts adhered to acrylic resin without (C) and with (D) ASP formation at 30th disinfection cycle with chlorhexidine gluconate.

Adherence assay

After each tested period of simulated disinfection protocol and formation of ASP, the acrylic resin specimens were placed in 24-well culture plates (TPP), inoculated with 2 ml of C. albicans suspension, and incubated for 90 minutes

4

at 37°C under 150 rpm (adhesion period). Subsequently, the specimens were removed from the tissue cultures and rinsed for 30 seconds twice in PBS to remove the nonadherent cells and prepared for fluorescence microscopy analysis.42

C 2014 by the American College of Prosthodontists Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2014) 1–7 

Rodr´ıguez Acosta et al

Fluorescence microscopy analysis

Adhered yeasts were stained for 15 minutes with 2 ml of Acridine orange fluorochrome (Merck, Rahway, NJ) solution, at 37°C in the dark, and examined under a fluorescence microscope (Axiostar Plus, Carl Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany) at 40× magnification. Image acquisition was carried out in a standardized sequence in six fields of the acrylic resins. Images were acquired using AxioVision Suite-Advance Fluorescence software (Carl Zeiss). Microorganism counts per field of each specimen were performed using ImageJ 1.38× software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Statistical analysis

The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s tests were used to analyze the differences among groups, using a significance level of 5%.

Results The C. albicans cell counts for different groups without and with ASP formation are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Candidal adherence for the control group was similar to that after immersion in disinfectant solutions, in each cycle time when separately evaluated; however, evaluating the different cycle times for each group individually, some statistically significant differences were observed (Tables 2 and 3). With ASP formation and distilled water immersion (control), a fungal adhesion reduction was observed from baseline to the 30th disinfection cycle (Figs 1, 2). When sodium hypochlorite at 1% was used without ASP formation, C. albicans adhesion was reduced by approximately 80% in the 30th disinfection cycle in relation to baseline, from 99.53 ± 29.84 to 19.03 ± 10.37 cells, while with ASP formation an inhibition of 88% was observed, from 73.64 ± 30.10 to 8.5 ± 8.26 cells (Fig 1). C. albicans adhesion was reduced by approximately 80% after disinfection with chlorhexidine gluconate at 4% and without ASP formation, from baseline to 30th disinfection. Figure 3 shows the yeasts adhered to acrylic resin before and after ASP formation, after 30 cycles of disinfection with sodium hypochlorite at 1% and chlorhexidine gluconate. Analyzing the effect of ASP on disinfectant action, there was higher reduction of adhered fungal cells, compared to resin without saliva, at the 1st disinfection cycle after immersion in sodium hypochlorite at 1% and chlorhexidine gluconate at 4%, as well as at the 30th disinfection cycle after immersion in sodium hypochlorite at 1% (Tables 2, 3, Fig 1). The ASP caused a reduction in adhesion of C. albicans on the resin surface after the 1st , 15th , and 30th immersion cycles in distilled water (control).

Discussion Although the presence of saliva is known to interfere with Candida’s adhesion ability, its exact role is still controversial. In this study, we analyzed the effects of chemical disinfection with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine gluconate on the adhesion of C. albicans to denture base acrylic resins, as well as

Candidal Adhesion after Acquired Salivary Pellicle Formation

the impact of ASP. We showed that chemical disinfection and ASP formation affect the adhesion of C. albicans to denture base acrylic resin. A short-term chemical disinfection protocol is a useful alternative to treat denture stomatitis. Sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate are chemical compounds widely used as denture disinfectants29-31,43 and have shown effective results in the control of candidal infections.44-46 An improvement in the clinical conditions of stomatitis in denture users was observed after the implementation of a denture disinfection protocol with sodium hypochlorite 1% for 15 days.42 As previously shown, the number of colonies of this yeast was reduced in 60% of patients using chlorhexidine solution (Klorhex), whereas it was reduced in 46.6% of patients using sodium perborate/sodium bicarbonate (Fittydent). Sub-inhibitory concentrations of 1% sodium hypochlorite have also been shown to inhibit the adhesion of C. albicans to acrylic surfaces.47 It has been suggested that sodium hypochlorite reduces the adhesive ability of C. albicans by decreasing denture stomatitis and Streptococcus mutans adhesion.48 The inhibitory effect of sodium hypochlorite may be associated with non-specific interactions, such as surface hydrophobicity, involved in microbial adhesion to inert surfaces.3 However, the clinical improvement of sodium hypochlorite in respect to denture stomatitis was not associated with a significant reduction in the counts of C. albicans, but of S. mutans.48 Actually, our results in the present work showed no difference in yeast counting comparing the disinfectant solutions with matched control. Although a number of studies have focused on the effectiveness of disinfectants, only a few have analyzed the adhesive capacity of microorganisms after chemical disinfection. After the 30th disinfection cycle on resin, without ASP formation, the number of adherent cells of C. albicans reduced 79.46% and 80.88% in CG4% and H1% groups, respectively. With ASP formation, this reduction was major, that is, 88%, in the H1% group. A significant reduction of adhered cells was observed with ASP formation in all groups after the 1st cycle, but this reduction was variable, in which no significant differences were observed for some disinfection periods during the experiment. This is in agreement with data indicating that ASP formation is a complex and multifactorial process, difficult to simulate in vitro.8-10,14,16-18 In summary, our results suggest that the presence of saliva might influence the adhesion of C. albicans and improve the effectiveness of the methods that aim to reduce fungal adhesion. Since insufficient information about ASP and C. albicans adhesion in vivo has been published,49 further in vivo studies are necessary to elucidate the relationships between ASP formation and C. albicans-adhesive capacity. Also it will be necessary to take into account saliva from oral candidiasis patients, since the saliva of these patients has a decreased amount of antimicrobial proteins and peptides.50 Taken together, our results demonstrate that short-term chemical disinfection protocols using gluconate chlorhexidine or sodium hypochlorite compared to distilled water immersion are limited tools to diminish C. albicans cell adhesion; however, in this study, the use of ASP resulted in greater reduction of C. albicans on the denture base, for up to 30 disinfection cycles. Probably, this greater reduction of C. albicans cells to

C 2014 by the American College of Prosthodontists Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2014) 1–7 

5

Candidal Adhesion after Acquired Salivary Pellicle Formation

Rodr´ıguez Acosta et al

denture surfaces could be associated with antimicrobial compounds of saliva, reinforcing that the presence of saliva may be an important contributor to the effectiveness of disinfection procedures of removable dentures.

Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, our results suggest that the presence of saliva might influence the adhesion of C. albicans and improve the effectiveness of methods to reduce fungal adhesion.

Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their gratitude to ACECIL ´ (Com´ercio e Esterilizac¸a˜ o a Oxido de Etileno) for kindly providing the sterilization of the specimens with ethylene oxide. The first author thanks PEC-PG program (Coordination of Training of Higher Education Graduate) for the scholarship during his Master’s course.

References 1. Arendorf TM, Walker DM: The prevalence and intra-oral distribution of Candida albicans in man. Arch Oral Biol 1980;25:1-10 2. Arendorf TM, Walker DM: Denture stomatitis: a review. J Oral Rehabil 1987;14:217-227 3. Teughels W, Van AN, Sliepen I, et al: Effect of material characteristics and/or surface topography on biofilm development. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006;17:68-81 4. Rolla G, Ciardi JE, Bowen WH: Identification of IgA, IgG, lysozyme, albumin, alpha-amylase and glucosyltransferase in the protein layer adsorbed to hydroxyapatite from whole saliva. Scand J Dent Res 1983;91:186-190 5. Kraus FW, Orstavik D, Hurst DC, et al: The acquired pellicle: variability and subject-dependence of specific proteins. J Oral Pathol 1973;2:165-173 6. Jensen JL, Lamkin MS, Oppenheim FG: Adsorption of human salivary proteins to hydroxyapatite: a comparison between whole saliva and glandular salivary secretions. J Dent Res 1992;71:1569-1576 7. Al-Hashimi I, Levine MJ: Characterization of in vivo salivary-derived enamel pellicle. Arch Oral Biol 1989;34:289-295 8. Vasilas A, Molina L, Hoffman M, et al: The influence of morphological variation on Candida albicans adhesion to denture acrylic in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 1992;37:613-622 9. Samaranayake LP, Nair RG: Oral Candida infections-a review. Indian J Dent Res 1995;6:69-82 10. Millsap KW, Bos R, van der Mei HC, et al: Adhesion and surface-aggregation of Candida albicans from saliva on acrylic surfaces with adhering bacteria as studied in a parallel plate flow chamber. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1999;75:351-359 11. Nikawa H, Hayashi S, Nikawa Y, et al: Interactions between denture lining material, protein pellicles and Candida albicans. Arch Oral Biol 1993;38:631-634 12. Nikawa H, Hamada T: Binding of salivary or serum proteins to Candida albicans in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 1990;35:571-573 13. Edgerton M, Scannapieco FA, Reddy MS, et al: Human submandibular-sublingual saliva promotes adhesion of Candida albicans to polymethylmethacrylate. Infect Immun 1993;61:2644-2652

6

14. Dodds MW, Johnson DA, Yeh CK: Health benefits of saliva: a review. J Dent 2005;33:223-233 15. Johansson I, Bratt P, Hay DI, et al: Adhesion of Candida albicans, but not Candida krusei, to salivary statherin and mimicking host molecules. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2000;15:112-118 16. Tanida T, Ueta E, Tobiume A, et al: Influence of aging on candidal growth and adhesion regulatory agents in saliva. J Oral Pathol Med 2001;30:328-335 17. Elguezabal N, Maza JL, Ponton J: Inhibition of adherence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis to a resin composite restorative dental material by salivary secretory IgA and monoclonal antibodies. Oral Dis 2004;10:81-86 18. Cannon RD, Chaffin WL: Colonization is a crucial factor in oral candidiasis. J Dent Educ 2001;65:785-787 19. Maza JL, Elguezabal N, Prado C, et al: Candida albicans adherence to resin-composite restorative dental material: influence of whole human saliva. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;94:589-592 20. Waters MG, Williams DW, Jagger RG, et al: Adherence of Candida albicans to experimental denture soft lining materials. J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:306-312 21. Bosch JA, Turkenburg M, Nazmi K, et al: Stress as a determinant of saliva-mediated adherence and coadherence of oral and nonoral microorganisms. Psychosom Med 2003;65:604-612 22. Tari BF, Nalbant D, Dogruman Al, et al: Surface roughness and adherence of Candida albicans on soft lining materials as influenced by accelerated aging. J Contemp Dent Pract 2007;8:18-25 23. Nikawa H, Iwanaga H, Kameda M, et al: In vitro evaluation of Candida albicans adherence to soft denture-lining materials. J Prosthet Dent 1992;68:804-808 24. Jin Y, Samaranayake LP, Samaranayake Y, et al: Biofilm formation of Candida albicans is variably affected by saliva and dietary sugars. Arch Oral Biol 2004;49:789-798 25. Samaranayake LP, McCourtie J, MacFarlane TW. Factors affecting the in-vitro adherence of Candida albicans to acrylic surfaces. Arch Oral Biol 1980;25:611-615 26. Pereira-Cenci T, Cury AA, Cenci MS, et al: In vitro Candida colonization on acrylic resins and denture liners: influence of surface free energy, roughness, saliva, and adhering bacteria. Int J Prosthodont 2007;20:308-310 27. Nikawa H, Sadamori S, Hamada T, et al: Factors involved in the adherence of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis to protein-adsorbed surfaces. An in vitro study using immobilized protein. Mycopathologia 1992;118:139-145 28. Moura JS, da Silva WJ, Pereira T, et al: Influence of acrylic resin polymerization methods and saliva on the adherence of four Candida species. J Prosthet Dent 2006;96:205-211 29. Saunders TR, Guillory VL, Gregoire ST, et al: The effect of bioburden on in-depth disinfection of denture base acrylic resin. J Calif Dent Assoc 1998;26:846-850 30. Buergers R, Rosentritt M, Schneider-Brachert W, et al: Efficacy of denture disinfection methods in controlling Candida albicans colonization in vitro. Acta Odontol Scand 2008;66: 174-180 31. MacNeill S, Rindler E, Walker A, et al: Effects of tetracycline hydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate on Candida albicans. An in vitro study. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:753-760 32. Sesma N, Takada KS, Lagan´a DC, et al: Eficiˆencia de m´etodos caseiros de higienizac¸a˜ o e limpeza de pr´oteses parciais remov´ıveis. Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent 1999;53:463-468 33. Estrela C, Estrela CR, Barbin EL, et al: Mechanism of action of sodium hypochlorite. Braz Dent J 2002;13:113-117

C 2014 by the American College of Prosthodontists Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2014) 1–7 

Rodr´ıguez Acosta et al

34. Webb BC, Willcox MD, Thomas CJ, et al: The effect of sodium hypochlorite on potential pathogenic traits of Candida albicans and other Candida species. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1995;10:334-341 35. Mohammadi Z, Abbott PV: The properties and applications of chlorhexidine in endodontics. Int Endod J 2009;42:288-302 36. Ellepola AN, Joseph BJ, Khan ZU: Effects of subtherapeutic concentrations of Chlorhexidine gluconate on germ tube formation of oral Candida. Med Princ Pract 2012;21: 120-124 37. Ellepola AN: The effect of brief exposure to sub-therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate on germ tube formation of oral Candida dubliniensis. Mycoses 2011;54:330-335 38. Ellepola AN, Joseph BK, Khan ZU: Cell surface hydrophobicity of oral Candida dubliniensis isolates following limited exposure to sub-therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate. Mycoses 2013;56:82-88 39. Mima EG, Pavarina AC, Neppelenbroek KH, et al: Effect of different exposure times on microwave irradiation on the disinfection of a hard chairside reline resin. J Prosthodont 2008;17:312-317 40. Yildirim MS, Hasanreisoglu U, Hasirci N, et al: Adherence of Candida albicans to glow-discharge modified acrylic denture base polymers. J Oral Rehabil 2005;32:518-525 41. Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Leidich SD, et al: Antifungal resistance of candidal biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro. J Dent Res 2001;80:903-908 42. Thein ZM, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP: In vitro biofilm formation of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida

Candidal Adhesion after Acquired Salivary Pellicle Formation

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

C 2014 by the American College of Prosthodontists Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2014) 1–7 

species under dynamic and anaerobic conditions. Arch Oral Biol 2007;52:761-767 DePaola LG, Minah GE, Elias SA: Evaluation of agents to reduce microbial growth on dental prostheses of myelosuppressed cancer patients. Clin Prev Dent 1984;6:9-12 Spiechowicz E, Santarpia RP, Pollock JJ, et al: In vitro study on the inhibiting effect of different agents on the growth of Candida albicans on acrylic resin surfaces. Quintessence Int 1990;21:35-40 Persson RE, Truelove EL, LeResche L, et al: Therapeutic effects of daily or weekly chlorhexidine rinsing on oral health of a geriatric population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991;72:184-191 McCourtie J, MacFarlane TW, Samaranayake LP: Effect of saliva and serum on the adherence of Candida species to chlorhexidine-treated denture acrylic. J Med Microbiol 1986;21:209-213 Gomes BP, Berber VB, Montagner F, et al: Residual effects and surface alterations in disinfected gutta-percha and Resilon cones. J Endod 2007;33:948-951 Barnab´e W, de Mendonc¸a Neto T, Pimenta FC, et al: Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and coconut soap used as disinfecting agents in the reduction of denture stomatitis, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. J Oral Rehabil 2004;31:453-459 Edgerton M, Levine MJ: Characterization of acquired denture pellicle from healthy and stomatitis patients. J Prosthet Dent 1992;68:683-691 Tanida T, Okamoto T, Okamoto A, et al: Decreased excretion of antimicrobial proteins and peptides in saliva of patients with oral candidiasis. J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32:586-594

7

Candida albicans adherence to denture base material: chemical disinfection and the effect of acquired salivary pellicle formation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1% sodium hypochlorite (H1%) and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CG4%) on the adhesion of Candida albi...
401KB Sizes 0 Downloads 6 Views