Vitamins and Trace Minerals

Biotin Deficiency in Cats as Induced by Feeding a Purified Diet Containing Egg White1 F. J. H. PASTOOR,*23 AND A. C. BEYNEN*

H. VAN HERCKJ

A. TH. VAN T KLOOSTERÃŽ

*Department of Laboratory Animal Science, ^Central Laboratory Animal Facility and ^Department of Large Animal Medicine and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands EXPANDED ABSTRACT

Indexing Key Words: symposium

•cats biotin deficiency

•egg white

This paper describes biotin deficiency in young, fe male cats. Although biotin is not needed in the diet because it can be synthesized by the intestinal microflora (1), biotin deficiency may develop if native egg white is added to the diet. This protein source contains avidin, a glycoprotein which irreversibly binds biotin and renders it unavailable (2). Diets and clinical signs. In a feeding trial, 20 fe male, 8-wk-old weanling cats (Hsd/Cpb:CaDs, HarÃ-an CPB, Austerlitz, The Netherlands) were fed a purified diet containing either 0.28% or 0.56% (w/w) phos phorus.4 The diets were formulated according to the requirements of growing kittens, as recommended by the National Research Council (1). The calculated composition of the diets was (g/100 g w/w) protein, 22.5; fat, 20.6; carbohydrates, 47.9 and energy, 19.7 kj/g. Feed and demineralized water were provided ad libitum. The cats were housed in two separate stalls in the same room; one stall per diet group. After 11 wk of consuming the purified diets, most cats began to develop signs of alopecia, dried secretion around the eyes, nose, mouth and feet, focal dermatitis of the lips near the eyeteeth and a brownish appearance of the skin. The signs in our cats resembled those in cats suffering from biotin deficiency as described by Carey and Morris (3, 4). These authors had produced biotin deficiency by feeding a diet containing either 18.5% or 32% dried egg white. It was found that up to ~ 150 days growth rates were normal, but the fol lowing clinical signs were apparent: dried secretion around the eyes, nose and angle of the mouth, scaly 0022-3166/91

$3.00 ©1991 American Institute of Nutrition.

dermatitis of the naso maxilla-mandibular region, hypersalivation and general alopecia. In the course of the experiment, these signs increased in severity while bloody diarrhea, marked anorexia and emaciation de veloped. There was remission of signs after oral ad ministration of biotin (3, 4). It is noteworthy that bio tin supplementation has been suggested to be useful in the treatment of certain skin diseases of the cat (5). Biotin supplementation study. We hypothe sized that our cats had developed biotin deficiency. This could relate to the fact that the diets contained 1Presented as part of the Waltham International

R. Rogers. 2 To whom correspondence

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should be addressed: Department

of

Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University, P.O. Box 80.166, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands. 3 Supported by Rodi b.v., Opmeer, The Netherlands. 4 The 0.28%-phosphorus diet consisted of |g/kg): egg white, 186.5; fish meal, 56.2; beef tallow, 197.2; corn oil, 8.5; dextrin, 348.44; glucose, 56.2; cooked starch, 56.2; cellulose, 11.2; CaCO3, 15.2; NaH2PCv 2H2O, 7.5; MgCO3, 0.40; Na2CO3, 24.08; taurine, 0.38; vitamin mix, 12.0 and mineral mix, 20.0. The vitamin mix consisted of (mg/12 g): retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate (500 lU/mg), 6.3; cholecalciferol (500 lU/mg), 0.94; DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (50%), 56.6; menadione, 0.094; thiamin, 4.7; riboflavin, 3.78; pyridoxine, 3.78; niacinamide, 37.8; DL-calcium panthothenate (45%), 10.48; folie acid, 0.755; biotin, 0.066; cyanocobalamin (0.1%), 18.9; choline chloride (50%), 5228.46; myo-inositol, 200 and cooked starch 6427.3. The mineral mix consisted of (mg/20 g): KC1, 7191; FeSO4-7H2O, 375.6; CuSO4-5H2O, 18.5; MnO2, 7.4; ZnCl2, 98.3; KI, 0.45; Na2SeO3-5H2O, 0.31 and cooked starch 12308.44. The concentration of dietary phosphorus was increased by adding extra NaH2PO4 • 2H2O to the diet; the amount of Na2CO3 was reduced to balance the diets for sodium and the amount of dextrin was changed so that the sum of ingredients equaled 1000 g.

J. Nutr. 121: S73-S74, 1991.

S73

Symposium on

Nutrition of Small Companion Animals, at University of California, Davis, CA 95616, on September 4-8, 1990. Guest editors for the symposium were James G. Morris, D'Ann C. Finley and Quinton

S74

PASTOOR

ET AL.

TABLE 1 Survey of treatment, clinical examination and serum biotin lévelein cats Frequency of scores in clinical examination

scoren201010

from eyes,

Brownish appearance skin1nd20 score2nd30 biotin3nd10 SDnmol/L0.92 ±

Wk0-1111-1311-13

biotin supplementation 13-28TreatmentTypeNoneNoneCapsuled Fortification of diet with biotinSecretion20Wk111313 162011134 402230 2020of 00, 16230626 003120 000nd1410

0.120.96 ± 0.103.30 ± ± 1.50 32.78 11.7652.55 ± 00Wk111313 2028Means 00Serum ±28.41

nd, not determined.

egg white. We had ordered ovalbumin, tacitly assum ing that we would obtain an egg-white fraction free of avidin. However, upon verification, it appeared that we were sent pasteurized egg-white powder, which may still contain avidin. Avidin is relatively heat-sta ble; activity of avidin in commercial egg white is un altered after heating at 90°Cfor 3 minutes (2). The avidin in the egg-white powder that we used probably was not fully inactivated during pasteurization for 3 weeks at 60°C.Although biotin had been added to the diet to a concentration of 66 Mg/kg according to the requirements of growing kittens (1), this biotin might not have been fully available. All cats were examined clinically by a veterinarian, who was blinded to treatment modality. The following variables were scored: secretion around eyes, nose, mouth and feet; dermatitis of the lips; color, gloss and thickness of the fur and emaciation. The signs were scored using a scale of 0-3, with 0 given if nq abnor mality was detected and scores of 1-3 given depending on the severity of the abnormality. The 20 cats were then divided into two groups that were stratified for phosphorus content of the diet and gravity of signs. Housing of the cats and the type of diet remained unchanged. One group of cats was orally supplemented each day with a capsule containing 0.5 mg of biotin. The other group served as a control. To prevent interaction of the biotin supplement with di etary components, the cats (including controls) were deprived of food 2 hours before and after administra tion of the biotin supplement. After 2 wk, all cats were clinically evaluated again. In addition to the variables mentioned above, brown ish appearance of the skin was scored also. It was found that cats supplemented with biotin, when compared with control cats, showed significantly less secretion around the eyes arid feet (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.05). Relative to the controls, no abnormality of

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skin color could be detected in the supplemented cats (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.01). From then on, the biotin concentration of the two diets was raised to 3 mg/kg and administration of capsuled biotin stopped. The cats were examined after another 15 wk and were found to be normal with respect to all clinical vari ables. The time course of the frequency distribution of scores for dried secretion around the eyes and brownish appearance of the skin is shown in Table 1. Blood samples were taken for determination of serum biotin levels. Biotin was analyzed by an enzymimmunoassay with a streptavidin-biotin complex (6). Serum biotin levels of the cats responded to biotin intake (Table 1). The regression of clinical signs after biotin supple mentation supports the hypothesis that the cats had developed biotin deficiency as caused by the dietary egg white, which is known (2) to render biotin un available.

LITERATURE

CITED

1. NATIONALRESEARCHCOUNCIL. |1986) Nutrient Requirements of Cats. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 2. EAKIN, R. E., SNELL,E. E. &. WILLIAMS,R. J. (1941) The con centration and assay of avidin, the injury-producing protein in raw egg white. /. BioJ. Chem. 140: 535-543. 3. CAREY,C. J. & MORRIS, J. G. (1975) Biotin deficiency in the cat. /. Anim. Sci. 41: 309. 4. CAREY,C. J. & MORRIS, J. G. (1977) Biotin deficiency in the cat and the effect on hepatic propionyl CoA carboxylase. /. Nutr. 107: 330-334. 5. JOSHUA,J. O. (1959) The use of biotin in certain skin diseases of the cat. Vet. Ree. 71: 102. 6. WELLENBERG,G. J., BORST, G. H. A., COUNOTTE, G. H. M. & DE JONC, M. F. (1986) Enzymimmunoassay (EIA) of D-biotin in food and food-additives. Proc. 4th Intern. Symp. Vet. Lab. Diagn., pp. 675-677.

Biotin deficiency in cats as induced by feeding a purified diet containing egg white.

Vitamins and Trace Minerals Biotin Deficiency in Cats as Induced by Feeding a Purified Diet Containing Egg White1 F. J. H. PASTOOR,*23 AND A. C. BEYN...
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