Biomedical materials research in the USSR V. I. Sevastianov* and E. A. Tseytlina USSR Center for Blood Compatible Biomaterials, Research lnstitute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscozo, USSR
IN TRODUCTION
The development and investigation of biomaterials for medical use is one of the important areas of scientific research in the USSR.',' However, the lack of papers in English of Soviet scientists in the international journals of this field makes it impossible to obtain comprehensive knowledge of the state of biomaterials studies in the USSR. The following report is an attempt to represent the main trends of research in biomaterials carried out by leading Soviet groups. Obviously, it is impossible to cover all aspects of fundamental and applied studies on biomaterials in this report. We have tried to include references providing the most detailed information about the works of the mentioned groups. If some of the references are not available, the readers can communicate directly with the author(s) of the selected papers. SCHOOLS A N D SCIENTISTS
The All-Union Research Institute of Medical Polymers in Moscow is involved in various biomaterials investigations,' including synthesis of blood compatible polymers, studies of their physicochemical and mechanical properties, and development of the technology of biomaterials' manufacturing providing the improved biomedical Dr. 0. Fortunatov and his in cooperation with the group of Dr. G. Zaikov from the Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, synthesized and studied a number of segmented polyetherurethanes "Hemotan" based on MDI, POPG and 1,4-BD, used in the USSR for TAH, LVAD," and as a membrane in controlled drug delivery systems." Research at The Scientific-Industrial Union "Polymersynthesis," Vladimir, in the area of biomaterials is directed toward the development and investigation of segmented polyurethanes and dialysis The groups of scientists at The Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, and at The Chemical Faculty of Moscow State University, both under the direction of Dr. N. Plate, have focused their recent *To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 25, 255-265 (1991) 0 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. CCC 0021-9304/91/020255-11$04.00
256
SEVASTIANOV AND TSEYTLINA
efforts on the following problems. The first is the development of the methods of increasing polymer blood compatibility by chemical modification of the surface with covalently immobilized biologically active compounds. Heparin-containing systems, proteolytic enzymes, the mixtures of heparin and trypsin, and heparin and fibrinolysin are among the immobilized compound~.’~ Another - ~ ~ problem includes the development of blood compatible and high affinity hemosorbents for elimination of different toxins from blood. These activities resulted in the development of specific hemosorbents representing high swelling polymer hydrogels, containing covalently bound ligands which can form complexes with eliminating compound~.2~,~~”~ At The All-Union Research Institute of Synthetic Rubber in Leningrad, Dr. N. Panova and her co-workers developed blood compatible polyetherurethanesiloxane “ S i l ~ r e m ’ ;which ~ ~ , ~ ~is widely used now in TAH, LVAD, intraaortic balloon purnpsllJoand in micropore capsules for pancreatic islet cell ~ultures.2~ In addition Dr. Yu. Yuzhelevski and his co-workers are carrying out the study and development of different organosiloxane compositions for embolization, endoprostheses and intraocular l e n ~ e s . ~ ” ~ ~ Drs. S. Fedorov, L. Chabrova, and co-workers at The All-Union Center ”Microsurgery of Eye” have initiated studies on the application of artificial polyorganosil~xane~~ and hydroge13’intraocular lenses. They are also examining the toxicological and immunological reactions induced by silicon lenses, including humoral and cell reactions of eye t i s s ~ e s . ~ ’ - ~ ~ Drs. T. Daurova, A. Adamjan and co-workers at The Institute of Surgery, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, have focused their activities on the development and investigation of disposable dressings, suture materials, soft tissue implants and x-ray contrast compounds for occlusion of ducts, cysts and fi~tules.j~-~l The activities related to the development of endoprostheses are carried out at the Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Moscow, in The Laboratory of Polymers under the direction of Dr. I. Movshovich and include the investigation of polymer materials (polyethyleneterephthalate, high-molecular-weight polyethylene, polyamides, silicone rubber, carboplastics (and also alloys and ceramics), and the design and development of orthopedic prostheses>2-47 Dr. H. Janson with co-workers at The Latvian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Riga, are involved in the development of composite materials for endoprostheses. The composites on a polymer matrix base such as epoxide resins, dental polymer cements and silicon rubber appear to be very promising as materials for endoprosthesis. Alumina borosilicate glass, carbon and polyethylenetetraphthalate fibers are used for reinforcement Dr. E. Panarin and his group at The Institute of High Molecular Weight Compounds, Leningrad, in collaboration with Dr. G. Afinogenov and his group at The Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Leningrad, have been investigating different water-soluble polymers with antimicrobial activity: cationic polyelectrolytes, complexones, polymers
BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE USSR
257
prepared by polymerization of monomeric antimicrobial agents, e t ~ . Their ~' studies also allow regulation of the elimination rate of an antimicrobial agent from the polymer film.51,52 Dr. I? Kasyanov and co-workers at the Riga Polytechnical Institute have proposed a complex approach to the investigation of mechanical behavior of a soft biological tissue of blood vessels and heart valves under large deformations and different types of load. Taking into account the peculiarities of stress-strain behavior and composition of blood vessel tissue, they have developed a compliant vascular graft from a composite material and demonstrated it to be promising as a material for small-diameter vascular Research on the relationship between fatigue and blood compatibility of biomaterials has been carried out by Dr. Parfeev's group at The Institute of Polymer Mechanics, Latvian Academy of Sciences, The interrelationships between types of polymer (polyetherurethanes, silicone rubber) used for TAH and LVAD or heart valve prostheses, degree of structural changes o ~ ~in V ~ V have O ~ ~ during the cyclic loading and blood compatibility in v i t ~ and been established. Drs. Lipatova, Pkhakadze, and co-workers from The Institute of Organic Chemistry, Kiev, have investigated and synthesized biodegradable polyurethanes containing sugar residues in the main chain6' and polyurethanes with heparin!' These materials are used for temporary prostheses, carriers for drugs, and immobilization of biologically active c0mpounds.6'-~~ Quantitative aspects of some polymers' (polyester implants, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyorganosiloxanes, collagenous and polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polyolefins) degradation in living bodies with consideration of the processes of electrolytes' diffusion and protein adsorption have been developed by Dr. G. Zaikov's group at The Institute of Chemical Physics, USSR Academy of Sciences, The Division of Toxicology of Polymer Materials and Devices for Medical Use at The All-Union Research and Experimental Institute for Medical Technology, Moscow, is involved in toxicological control of new polymer materials and devices for medical US^.^^-^' Under the direction of Dr. V. Lappo, research and development of new methods of evaluating polymer's toxicological properties, based on physicochemical evaluation of elimination products from polymer to different media, are carried In addition, Dr. A. Davydov and his group are mainly involved in applied research in the field of development of biocompatible, bioactive, mechanically stable and biodegradable polymers used in operations on internal organs, in drug delivery systems, in orthopedics for osteosynthesis, and in reconstructive laryngeal surgery.7'-'O Dr. N. Dobrova and co-workers from The Laboratory of Medical Polymers at The Bakulev Institute of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, MOSCOW,~~ focus their activities on the following problems: development of methods of polymer modification ionic-covalent immobilized anticoagulants, antiaggregants and fibrinolytic corn pound^;^^-^^ in vit TO and ex vivo assessment of mechanical and blood compatible properties of artificial valves from pyrrolytic c a r b ~ n , Sbio~-~~
2 58
SEVASTIANOV AND TSEYTLINA
tissuess and polymers;87ssevaluation of physicochemical (in cooperation with ' ~ biological properties of biomaterials for contact Dr. G. Zaikov's g r o ~ p ) and with blood.93In cooperation with Dr. B. Tseytlin from The Research Institute of Cotton Industry, Moscow, vascular grafts from carbon-containing polypropylene fibers have been de~eloped.8~-~' The development and clinical assessment of suture materials for microsurgery and adsorbable sutures for general surgery is an area of joint investigation by the groups of Dr. S. Makeev (Polytechnical Institute, Kiev) and Dr. Yu. Furmanov (Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Surgery, Kie~).~~-~~ In conclusion, we should like to say a few words about The USSR Center for Blood Compatible Materials at The Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow. These are the following main activities of our Center: Assessment of the blood compatible properties of all new biomaterials produced in the USSR for contact with b l o ~ d ; ~ ,development '~,~~ of new methods of investigation of blood compatible properties of biomaterials and the study of the mechanism of biomaterial interaction with b l o ~ d ; ~ -fo'~~ cused mainly on the initial stages of this process using the kinetic approach; and participation in the development of new biomaterials and devices for medical use~2,10,27,73,X0,9~,99,10~107 The Center carries out fundamental studies in the following areas: protein a d ~ ~ r p t i o n , 'complement ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ ' ~activation,'"oz~'03 ~ cell reaction^,^-'^^ and calcifiSome studies in calcification are carried out in collaboration with the group of Dr. B. Fursov of The Bakulev Institute of Cardio-Vascular S~rgery."~-'~~ To perform all of these activities, the Center has a strong cooperation with more than 30 scientific and industrial groups in the USSR. It is noteworthy that every odd-numbered year the Soviet scientists engaged in biomaterials studies present their fundamental and applied results at the All-Union Symposium "Synthetic Polymers for Medical Use" and its Transactions. Beginning in 1988, the workshop "Blood Compatible Biomaterials" will be held every even-numbered year. References 1. N. A. Plate and S. S. Rashidova, Synthetic Polymers for Medical Use, (Russ.), FAN, Tashkent, 1984. 2. VI. Sevastianov, O.V. Laksina, S. P. Novikova, I. B. Rosanova, E. A. Tseytlina, and B. I. Shalnev, Modern Blood Compatible Materials for HeartVascular Surgery, (Russ.), V. I. Shumakov (ed.), VNIIMI, Moscow, 1987. 3. 8.A. Gorelik, L. A. Sokolova, A.G. Grigorjev, S. D. Kosarev, E. I. Semenenko, G. A. Matjushin, and L. Rychla, "Modification of polymers used in medical devices," Macromol. Chimi., 28, 249-265 (1989). 4. I. M. Rajigorodskii, and E. Sh. Goldberg, "Siloxane-containing copolymers-new materials for medical use," in Production of Medical Glass and Plastics, (Russ.), Moscow, 1989, pp. 1-22. 5. B. A. Gorelik, I. M. Rajigorodskii, and E. Sh. Goldberg, "The abnormal properties of polycarbonatepolysiloxane block-copolymers," (Russ.), Vsokumolek. Soedinen., 31B, 325-326 (1989).
BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE USSR
259
6. B. A. Gorelik, S. P. Novikova, G. A. Matjushin, and S. D. Koshelev, "Radiation stability and blood compatibility of some polymers," Radiation Phys. Chem., 33, part C, 329-336 (1989). 7. B. A. Gorelik, The All-Union Research Institute of Medical Polymers, Nauchny pr. 10, Moscow, 117246. 8. A. J. Polyschuk, L. B. Vladimirov, A. L. Iordanski, G. E. Zaikov, O.G. Fortunatov, A.V. Trezvova, and E.V. Iljakov, "Ratio of reversible and irreversible protein adsorptional layers on the surface of segmented polyetherurethanes," (Russ.), Vysokomolek. Soedinen., 27, 1327-1331 (1985). 9. 0.G. Fortunatov, The All-Union Research Institute of Medical Polymers, Nauchny pr. 10, Moscow, 117246. 10. V. I. Sevastianov, "Polymer materials for total artificial heart and assist devices," in Artificial Organs, V. I. Shumakov (ed.), VNIIMI, Moscow, 1985, pp. 55-64. 11. A.V. Trezvova, G. A. Trishanova, I. K. Grigorjanz, O.G. Fortunatov, and E.V. Iljakov, "Study of the possibility of the development of membranes on the base of segmented polyetherurethanes for medical use," (Russ.), Chimiko-Pkurmaceutic. J., 2, 224-226 (1987). 12. M.K. Shiystaleva, M.N. Kurganov, A. I. Demina, M. B. Pestova, and 0.G. Tarakanov, "Hydrolytic stability of polyurethanes in model biological media," (Russ.), Mechanika Kompozitnykh rnaterialov, 5, 3442 (1985). 13. E.V. Dmitriev, E. V. Smurova, M.B. Pestova, A. G. Ostashkov, and J. V. Chennikova, "Synthesis and investigation of the segmented polyetherurethanes for leaf valves," (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th AllUnion Symp. "Synthetic polymers for medical use," Kiev, 1989, pp. 8586. 14. V. E. Lozhkin, Yu. S. Gorbunov, I. D. Shamolina, V. V. Gryshina, and B. M. Nesterkova, "Comparative characteristics of hemodialysis membranes," (Russ.), Trans. of the VII-th All-Union Symp. "Synthetic polymers for medical use," Minsk, 1985, p. 57. 15. M. B. Pestova, The Scientific-Industrial Union "Polymersynthesis," Froonze str., 77, Vladimir, 600020. 16. I. D. SHamolina, ibid. 17. N. A. Plate, L. I. Valuev, and V. V. Chupov, "Synthesis and polymerization of macromonomers on the basis of physiologically active compounds,'' (Russ.), Vysokomolek. Soedinen., 27A, 2019-2034 (1985). 18. N.A. Plate, L. I. Valuev, V. V. Chupov, and I. F. Burdygina, "Polymers modified with biologically active substances-a new class of blood compatible materials for contact with b l o o d (Russ.), Voprosy medicinskoi chimii, 31,43-47 (1985). 19. N.A. Plate, L. I. Valuev, V. V. Chupov, and I. F. Burdygina, "The increased selectivity of proteolytic enzymes covalently immobilized in the matrix of polymer hydrogels," (Russ.), DOH. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 282,1010-1013 (1985). 20. N. A. Plate, L. I. Valuev, and V. V. Chupov, "On the regulation of the interaction of synthetic polymers with blood," Macromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 10, 245-255 (1986). 21. N. A. Plate and L. I. Valuev, "The problems of the creation of synthetic polymers for contact with biological media," (Russ.), J. Vsesouzn. Chimich. Obckestva im. Mendeleeva, 30, 402-410 (1985). 22. N. A. Plate, The Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 29, Moscow, 117912. 23. T. A. Valueva, L.A. Maklakova, L.I. Valuev, V.V. Mosolov, and N. A. Plate, "Biospecific sorbents for removal of proteases from biological media," (Russ.), Voprosy rnedicinskoi ckimii, 31, 34-38 (1985).
SEVASTIANOV AND TSEY TLINA
260 24.
25.
26. 27.
28. 29.
30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
35. 36. 37.
38.
39.
40. 41.
T. A. Valueva, V. A. Sinani, L.I. Valuev, V. V. Chupov, V. V. Mosolov, and N. A. Plate, “Synthesis and properties of biospecific sorbents on the base of protein inhibitors of proteinases,“ (Russ.), Biotechnologia, 4, 525-533 (1988). N.V. Panova, T. I. Prozhogina, and T. S. Minina, “The properties of urethane thermoelastoplast on the base of polyether modified with polyacetoxisiloxane,” (Russ.), in Properties of Urethane Elastomers, CNIITEN, Leningrad, 1984, pp. 49-58. N.V. Panova, The All-Union Research Institute of Synthetic Rubber, Gapsalskaya nab., 1, Leningrad, 198035. S. N. Ignatenko, V. 1. Sevastianov, V. N. Bljumkin, and N. N. Skaletsky, “Transplantation of micropore capsules containing fetal pancreatic islet cell cultures in diabetic recipients,” Abstr. of the 3rd International Symp. “Transplantation of endocrine pancreas,” Yugoslavia, 1989, p. 21. Yu. A. Yuzhelevski, and S.V. Sokolov, “Siloxane polymers in medicine, problems and prospects,” (Russ.), J. Vsesouzn. Chimich. Obchestva im. Mendeleeva, 30, 455-460 (1985). L. S. Chabrova, S. N. Fedorov, S. R. Nanushkjan, Sh. G. Kaplan, and Yu. A. Yuzhelevski, ”The development of silicon blood compatible intraocular lenses,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th All-Union Symp. “Synthetic polymers for medical use,” Kiev, 1989, pp. 166-167. Yu. A. Yuzhelevski, The All-Union Research Institute of Synthetic Rubber, Gapsalskaya nab., 1, Leningrad, 198035. A. I. Ivashina, N. Kh. Balashova, V. B. Malyshev, O.T. Fedchenko, and S. N. Fedorov, “Hydrogel artificial lens i n cataract surgery,” (Russ.), Ibid, pp. 161-162. S. N. Fedorov, L. S. Chabrova, and V.G. Kokreidze, ”Eye tissue reaction at the implantation of silicon lenses in the experiment,” (Russ.), Medicin. Referatin J., 7, 12-14 (1988). S.N. Fedorov, L.S. Chabrova, and N.I. Afanasjeva, “IR and UVspectroscopy in the complex toxicological assessment of polysiloxane intraocular lenses,” (Russ.), Ibid, pp. 17-20. N. I. Afanasjeva, M.G. Ezepnitskaya, B.V. Lokshin, S. N. Fedorov, and L. S. Chabrova, ”Spectroscopy studies of polysiloxane intraocular lenses,” (Russ.), J. Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, 50, 833-836 (1989). S. N. Fedorov, The All-Union Center “Microsurgery of Eye,” Beskudnikovsky blvr., 59a, Moscow, 127486. T.T. Daurova, F. M. Khitrov, L. A. Brusova, N. I. Ostretsova, and I. K. Tebloev, ”Oligosiloxanes in reconstructive surgery of face,” Acta Chir. Plast., 27, 90-96 (1985). M. D. Scuba, Ja. Kalal, I. Bazik, and 0.S. Voronkova, ”Morphological foundation of hydrogel use for vascular occlusion,“ Macromol. chem. suppl., 9, 45-50 (1985). D. Horak, E Svec, Ja. Kalal, A. Adamjan, Y. Volynski, 0. Voronkova, L. Kokov, and K. Gumargalieva, ”Hydrogels in endovascular embolization. 11. Clinical use of spherical particles,” Biomaterials, 7, 467-470 (1986). D. Horak, F. Svec, Ja. Kalal, A. Adamjan, N. Skuba, M. Titova, V. Dan, B. Varava, T. Trostenyuk, 0. Voronkova, K. Gumargalieva, and V. Timokhina, “Hydrogels in endovascular embolization. IV. Effect of radiopaque particles on the living tissue,” Biomaterials, 9,367-371 (1988). A. A. Adamjan, ”Modern approach to the development of biologically active suture materials,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th All-Union Symp. “Synthetic polymers for medical use,” Kiev, 1989, pp. 3-4. A. Adamjan, The Institute of Surgery, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, B. Serpukhovskaya str., 27, Moscow, 113039.
BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE USSR 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.
49. 50. 51. 52. 53.
54.
55. 56. 57. 58.
59.
60. 61.
62.
261
I. A. Movshovich, M. Ja. Trojanker, and G. L. Voskresensky, "Experience of total endoprosthesis of hip joint with metal-polymer prosthesis," (Russ.), Ortopedia, Traumatologia, Protezirovanie, 10, 25-28 (1987). I. A. Movshovich, G. L. Voskresensky, N. S. Gavrjushenko, and L. Sh. Selja, "Displacement of caput radii with silicon implantate," (Russ.), Ortopedia, Traumatologia, Protezirovanie, 8, 12-15 (1986). K. M. Sherepo, "On non-cement endoprosthesis of hip joint," (Russ.), Ortopedia, Traumatologia, Protezirovanie, 3, 58-62 (1988). N. S. Gavrjushenko, "Selection of optimal friction pairs for endoprosthesis," Polymers in Medicine, 18, 35-37 (1988). I. A. Movshovich, "Artificial materials for tendon and ligament plasty," Polymers in Medicine, 18, 158-159 (1988). I. A. Movshovich, The Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Priorov str., 10, Moscow, 125299. H. A. Janson and Yu. G. Saulgozis, "Biomechanical approaches to the development of composite endoprostheses of strong tissues of organism," (Russ.), J. Vsesouzn. Chimich. Obshestva im. Mendeleeva, 30, 428-438 (1985). H. A. Janson, The Latvian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Duntes str., 12/22, Riga, 226005. E. Panarin and G. Afinogenov, "Macromolecular antimicrobial compounds and medicine," (Russ.), ]. Vsesouzn. Chimich. Obshestva im. Mendeleeva, 30, 378-386 (1985). E. Panarin, M. Solovski, N. Zaikina, and G. Afinogenov, "Biochemical activity of cationic polyelectrolytes," Macromol. &em. Suppl., 9, 25-33 (1985). E. Panarin, The Institute of High Molecular Weight Compounds, Bolshoi pr., 31, Leningrad, 199004. Ja. V. Volkolakov, R. Ja. Lacis, B. A. Purinja, V. A. Kasjanov, V. A. Ledus, and G. H. Pulmane, "The role of biomechanical and structural characteristics of aortic valve in the formation of bioprostheses," (Russ.), Grudnaja Chirurgija, 2, 41-46 (1985). V. V. Kasjenenko, V. A. Kasjanov, D. D. Mungalov, I.V. Stupin, V. N. Filatov, V. A. Kancevich, and N. I. Zakharov, "New textile vascular grafts made of hybrid fiber composite materia1,"PoZyrners in Medicine, 27, 41-55 (1987). Patent (USSR) N 1365407, Blood vessel's prosthesis (1988). V. A. Kasjanov, "Composite materials in artificial blood vessels and aortic heart valve," (Russ.), in Modern Problems in Biomechanics, H. Janson (ed.), Zinatne. Riga, vol. 4, 1987, pp. 5-41. V. A. Kasjanov, Riga's Polytechnical Institute, Kalku str., 1, Riga, 226355. V. M. Parfeev, I.V. Grushetskii, A. A. Drobyshev, N. K. Zimin, and V.I. Sevastianov, "Properties' changes of the LVAD in TAH after implantation into the calf," (Russ.), Mechanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, 3, 533536 (1985). V. 1. Sevastianov and V. M. Parfeev, "Fatigue and hemocompatibility of polymer materials," Artif. Organs, 11, 20-25 (1987). V. M. Parfeev, The Institute of Polymer Mechanics, Latvian Academy of Sciences, Aizkraukles str., 23, Riga, 226006. T. E. Lipatova, G. A. Pkhakadze, A.I. Snegirev, V. V. Voronoa, and V. V. Shilov, "Supermolecular organization of some polyurethanes containing sugar derivatives in the main chain," J. Biomed. Muter. Res., 18,129136 (1984). Yu. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova, D.V. Vasilchenko, V. F. Rosovitskii, I. L. Karpova, and N. A. Kvitka, "The change of microphase separation in segmented polyurethanes under binding with heparin," (Russ.), Dokl. A N Ukr. SSR, ser. B., 12, 41-44 (1986).
SEVASTIANOV AND TSEY TLINA
262 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
71. 72. 73.
74.
75.
76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83.
T.E. Lipatova and Yu. S. Lipatov, “The synthesis and use of polyurethanes in medicine,” J. Vsesousn. Chimich. Obshestva im. Mendeleeva, 30,438-446 (1985). G. A. Pkhakadze, The Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Murmanskaya str., 51, Kiev, 252056. G. E. Zaikov, A, L. Iordanskii, and V. S. Maskin, Diffusion of Electrolytes in Polymers, VSP, Utrecht, 1988. O.V. Startsev, A. L. Iordanskii, and G. E. Zaikov, ”Theoretical model of polymer degradation,” Polymer Degrad. and Stab., 16, 412-418 (1987). G. E. Zaikov, “Quantitative aspects of polymer degradation in living body,” J. Macromot. Sci. Rev., C25, 551-597 (1985). G. E. Zaikov, The Institute of Chemical Physics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Kosygin str., 4, Moscow, 117334. B. I. Leonov (ed.), Techniques, Alloys and Polymer Materials for Stomatology, (Russ.), VNIIIMT, Moscow, issue V, 1987. B. I. Leonov (ed.), Polymers and Devices for Medical Use, (Russ.), VNIIIMT, Moscow, issue IX, 1989. B. I. Leonov, The All-Union Research and Experimental Institute of Medical Technology, Kasatkin str., 3, Moscow, 129301. V.G. Lappo, S. Ja. Lanina, and V. I. Timokhina, ”Toxicological control of polymers and devices for medical use,” (Russ.), J. Vsesouzn. Chimich. Obshestva im. Mendeleeva, 30,461-464 (1985). S. Ja. Lanina, A.V. Gorshkov, L.A. Samarina, T. N. Makovskaja, R.I. Kajumov, N.G. Tishkovskaja, V.G. Lappo, L. Z. Hazen, and V.I. Sevastianov, “The application of the results of toxicological studies to the development of silicone rubber for medical use,” (Russ.), in Devices and Instruments for Surgery, B. I. Leonov, (ed.), VNIIIMT, Moscow, issue IV, 1987, pp. 52-61. S. Ja. Lanina, N. M. Kaminskaja, and L. A. Samarina, “Filling materials for caries cavity. Methodical peculiarities and results,” (Russ.), in Techniques, Alloys and Polymer Materials for Stomatology, B. I. Leonov (ed.), VNIIIMT, Moscow, issue V, 1987, pp. 21-33. S. Ja. Lanina, N.M. Strakhova, 1.1. Goncharova, and V.G. Lappo, “Study of the migration of dioctylphthalate and vinylchloride from polyvinylchloride container to blood, its components and conservants,“ (Russ.), in Polymer and Devices for Medical Use, B. I. Leonov (ed), VNIIIMT, Moscow, issue 9, 1989, pp. 73-78. S. Ja. Lanina, I. I. Goncharova, N. M. Strakhova, and VG. Lappo, ”The application of the results of toxicological studies to the development of polymer materials for medical use,” ibid, pp. 78-85. V.G. Lappo, The All-Union Research and Experimental Institute of Medical Technology, Kasatkin str., 3, Moscow, 129301. A. B. Davydov, ”Biochemical basis of construction and physicochemical characteristics of biocompatible polymer rods for intrabone osteosynthesis,” ibid, pp. 78-85. S. I. Belykh, ”The controlled delivery of medicines from implanted therapeutic devices on the base of blood compatible polymers,” ibid, pp. 27-35. A. B. Davydov, The All-Union Research and Experimental Institute of Medical Technology, Kasatkin str., 3, Moscow, 129301. V. S. Chekanov (ed). Experimental Heart-Vascular Surgery, (Russ.), ISSKh, Moscow, 1989. Patent (USSR), N 1391652, The method of the increase of polymer materials’ thromboresistance (1988). A. S. Krakovtsev, S. P. Novikova, A.I. Offengenden, L. S. Barbarash, T. I. Shraer, “Biological vascular grafts made of umbilical vein modified with heparin,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th All-Union Symp. ”Synthetic polymers for medical use’; Kiev, 1989, pp. 86-87.
BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE USSR 84. 85.
86.
87.
88. 89.
90.
91. 92. 93.
94.
95. 96.
97.
98.
99.
263
E. Brynda, M. Houska, S. P. Novikova, and N. B. Dobrova, “Polyethylene/hydrophilic polymer blends for biomaterial applications,” Biomaterials, 8, 57-60 (1987). S. P. Novikova, M. 8.Iljina, and A. I. Offengenden, ”The increase of thromboresistance of polymer materials by surface immobilization of conjugates of biologically active compounds,” (Russ.), in Experimental Heart-Vascular Surgery, V. S. Chekanov (ed.), ISSKh, Moscow, 1989, pp. 33-39. A.V. Agafonov, Ju. V. Zaretskii, and N. B. Dobrova, “Development, study and inculcation into serial production of the soviet heart valves,” ibid, pp. 29-33. N. 8. Dobrova, Ju. V. Zaretskii, A. I. Zorina, and V. S. Chekanov, “Modern models of artificial heart valves,” (Russ.), Grudnaja Chirurgia, 2, 79-86 (1989). N. B. Dobrova, The Bakulev Institute of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Leninsky pr., 8, Moscow, 117049. I. Ju, Dzuravleva, N. B. Dobrova, S. P. Novikova, G.I. Derkach, L. D. Kosterina, A.I. Offengenden, Ja. L. Elgudin, and L. S. Barbarash, “The new approach to the development of xenobioprostheses of heart valve, resistant to calcification,” (Russ.), Grudnaju Chirurgia, 5, 25-30 (1989). E.V. Smurova and M. B. Dobrova, “The study of the possibility of the creation of the artificial leaf heart valve,” (Russ.), in Experimental Heart-Vascular Surgery, V. S. Chekanov (ed.), ISSKh, Moscow, 1989, pp. 39-42. B. L. Tsetlin, The Research Institute of Cotton Industry, Ordzhonikidze str., 12, Moscow, 117119. N. B. Dobrova and M. 8. Iljina, “The main trends in the development of vascular grafts,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th All-Union Symp. ”Synthetic Polymers for Medical Use,” Kiev, 1989, pp. 7-8. A. A. Snimishikova, A.V. Vlasov, V. A. Lvov, and B. A. Tsetlin, “Kinetic mechanism of radiation graft polymerization of vinylidenechloride from gas phase to polypropylene fiber,” (Russ,), Vysokomolek. Soedinenia, 19A, 2128-2131 (1987). L.L. Rasumova, E.V. Smurova, A.A. Veretennikova, N.P. Tsakulin, E. K. Dmitriev, and G. E. Zaikov, “The influence of aggressive action on the structure and mechanical properties of the segmented polyurethanes used for contact with blood,” (Russ.), Dokl. Akad. Sci. SSSR, 304,909-912 (1989). S. D. Makeev, Kiev Polytechnical Institute, Brest-Litovski pr., 39, Kiev, 252056. N.B. Dobrova, M.B. Iljina, S.P. Novikova, E.S. Sidorenko, A. Ju. Gorodkov, E.V. Smurova, M. N. Selezneva, A. I. Offengenden, ”The development of the system of methods for the complex assessment of polymer materials for heart-vascular system,” (Russ.), in Experimental Heart-Vascular Surgery, V. S. Chekanov (ed.), ISSKh, Moscow, 1989, pp. 23-28. Yu. A. Furmanov, The Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Surgery, Geroev Sevastopolya str., 30, Kiev, 252165. Yu. A. Furmanov, E.V. Gorshevikova, A. A. Adamjan, T. I. Vinokurova, B.L. Tsetlin, A.V. Vlasov, L . L . Plotkin, E.M. Silnrs, G. Yu. Mashkovsky, “Development and trials of antimicrobial surgical suture materials,” (Russ.), Klinicheskaya Khirurgiya, 3, 25-28 (1985). A. A. Paschenko, S. D. Makeev, Yu. A. Furmanov, V.I. Sevastianov, and E. A. Tseytlina, “Development of microsurgical suture material coated with chemosorbed metalorganic substances, its medical, biological and clinical testing,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VII-th All-Union Symp. “Synthetic Polymers for Medical Use,” Minsk, 1985, p. 106.
SEVASTIANOV AND TSEYTLINA
264 100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105. 106. 107.
108.
109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116.
Yu. A. Furmanov, G. Yu. Moshkovsky, A. B. Solomko, B.G. Jasnitsky, G. M. Tsukanova, B.A. Oridoroga, and S. D. Makeev, “Development biological and clinical assessment of synthetic absorbal and microsurgical suture materials,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th All-Union Symp. “Synthetic Polymers for Medical Use,” Kiev, 1989, pp. 24-26. E. A. Nemetz, V.I. Sevastianov, L. L. Razumova, and G. E. Zaikov, ”Structural and chemical thermal transformation of stabilized polyacrylonitrilic fibres and characteristic parameters of their interaction with platelets and blood plasma proteins,” Polymers in Medicine, 15, 137-147 (1986). E. A. Tseytlina, B.I.Shalnev, V.I. Sevastianov, I. M. Lanskaja, and A. L. Martchenko, ”Complement system activation in haemodialysis and possibilities of its prognostication,“ Polymers in Medicine, 15,-149-159 (1986). i! I. Sevastianov and O.V. Laksina, “Adsorption-desorption processes of proteins at solid-blood interface,” 1. Colloid Interface Sci., 112, 279289 (1986). E. A. Tseytlina, I. M. Lanskaja, A. A. Martchenko, A. E. Rolichin, and V. I. Sevastianov, ”The method of the evaluation of the degree of complement activation in patients during hemodialysis,” (Russ.), Medicinskaya Technika, 5, 39-43 (1987). V. I. Sevastianov, ”Role of protein adsorption in blood compatibility of polymers,” CRC Crit. Rev. Biocumpatibility, 4, 109-154 (1988). V. I. Shumakov (ed.), Artificial Organs, (Russ.), VNIIMI, Moscow, part 1, 1985. V.I. Shumakov, Yu. M. Kiselev, V. E. Tolpekin, A. N. Makeev, M. M. Razgulov, and S. L. Vasin, “Development of autonomous paracorporeal and implanted artificial heart and circulatory assist systems,” Artif. Organs, 11,39-46 (1987). E. A. Nemetz, M. Belomestnaja, and S. I? Novikova, ”The interaction of the heparinized surface of biomaterial with platelets,” (Russ.), in Problems of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, V. I. Shumakov (ed.), 1989, pp. 173-176. MOSCOW, M.M. Razgulov, S. B. Truchmanov, V.I. Sevastianov, and S. L. Vasin, “The new method of the creation of TAH and assist devices,“ ibid, pp. 165-169. A. N. Asanov, E. A. Kulik, and V. I. Sevastianov, “The energetic heterogeneity of the solid surface at the protein adsorption,” (Russ.), Dokl. Acad. Sci. SSSR, 296, 735-739 (1987). V. I. Sevastianov and A. N. Asanov, “Protein adsorption: the model of continuous energetic heterogeneity of proteinlsurface interaction,“ Trans. of the 3rd World Biomaterials Congress, 1988, XI, p. 91. V.I. Sevastianov, and I. B. Rozanova, ”The role of complexation and adsorption in the initial stages of biomaterials‘ calcification,” ibid, p. 462. I. B. Rozanova, A.V. Gorshkov, and V. I. Sevastianov, ”Influence of silicone rubber on the balance of calcium fractions in human blood serum,” (Russ.), Medicinskuya Technika, 5, 15-19 (1988). V. I. Sevastianov and I. €3. Rozanova, “Effect of physico-chemical properties of polymer materials on the initial stages of calcification,” A r t i j Organs, 13, 364 (1989). V.I. Shumakov, I.B. Rozanova, and VI. Sevastianov, ”The role of molecules and cells in calcification of hydrophobic polymer materials,’’ Artif. Organs, 13, 367 (1989). Yu. G. Gololobov, 8. A. Fursov, B. P. Mischenko, V. V. Zaitsev, V. A. Djatlov, I.B. Rozanova, E.A. Tseytlina, L.A. Salomatina, and E.A. Matsulenko, ”Influence of the methods of chemical treatment of xenopericardial bioprostheses of blood valves on their calcification,
BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE USSR
117.
118. 119.
120.
265
blood compatible and immunogenic properties,” (Russ.), Dokl. Acad. Sci. Ukr. SSR, ser. B, 1, 56-59 (1989). B. A. Fursov, 1.1. Skopin, V. V. Zaitsev, V. A. Guljaev, V. P. Mischenko, A.R. Korigotsky, E.A. Nemetz, E.A. Tseytlina, and L.A. Salomatina, “Experimental assessment of bioprosthetic vessels on the base of homo- and xeno-arteries,” (Russ.), in Experimental Heart-Vascular Surgery, V. S. Chekanov (ed.), ISSKh, Moscow, 1989, pp. 74-77. B.A. Fursov, B. P. Mischenko, V.V. Zaitsev, L.V. Zaitsev, I. B. Rozanova, S. L. Vasin, and L. A. Salomatina, “The study of pathogenesis of bioprosthetic heart valves in the animal experiments,” ibid, pp. 77-80. B. A. Fursov, The Bakulev Institute of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Leninsky pr., 8, Moscow, 117049. V. I. Sevastianov, The USSR Center for Blood Compatible Biomaterials, the Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Shukinskaya str., 1, Moscow, 123436.
Received February 15,1990 Accepted September 5,1990
IN TRODUCTION
The development and investigation of biomaterials for medical use is one of the important areas of scientific research in the USSR.',' However, the lack of papers in English of Soviet scientists in the international journals of this field makes it impossible to obtain comprehensive knowledge of the state of biomaterials studies in the USSR. The following report is an attempt to represent the main trends of research in biomaterials carried out by leading Soviet groups. Obviously, it is impossible to cover all aspects of fundamental and applied studies on biomaterials in this report. We have tried to include references providing the most detailed information about the works of the mentioned groups. If some of the references are not available, the readers can communicate directly with the author(s) of the selected papers. SCHOOLS A N D SCIENTISTS
The All-Union Research Institute of Medical Polymers in Moscow is involved in various biomaterials investigations,' including synthesis of blood compatible polymers, studies of their physicochemical and mechanical properties, and development of the technology of biomaterials' manufacturing providing the improved biomedical Dr. 0. Fortunatov and his in cooperation with the group of Dr. G. Zaikov from the Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, synthesized and studied a number of segmented polyetherurethanes "Hemotan" based on MDI, POPG and 1,4-BD, used in the USSR for TAH, LVAD," and as a membrane in controlled drug delivery systems." Research at The Scientific-Industrial Union "Polymersynthesis," Vladimir, in the area of biomaterials is directed toward the development and investigation of segmented polyurethanes and dialysis The groups of scientists at The Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, and at The Chemical Faculty of Moscow State University, both under the direction of Dr. N. Plate, have focused their recent *To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 25, 255-265 (1991) 0 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. CCC 0021-9304/91/020255-11$04.00
256
SEVASTIANOV AND TSEYTLINA
efforts on the following problems. The first is the development of the methods of increasing polymer blood compatibility by chemical modification of the surface with covalently immobilized biologically active compounds. Heparin-containing systems, proteolytic enzymes, the mixtures of heparin and trypsin, and heparin and fibrinolysin are among the immobilized compound~.’~ Another - ~ ~ problem includes the development of blood compatible and high affinity hemosorbents for elimination of different toxins from blood. These activities resulted in the development of specific hemosorbents representing high swelling polymer hydrogels, containing covalently bound ligands which can form complexes with eliminating compound~.2~,~~”~ At The All-Union Research Institute of Synthetic Rubber in Leningrad, Dr. N. Panova and her co-workers developed blood compatible polyetherurethanesiloxane “ S i l ~ r e m ’ ;which ~ ~ , ~ ~is widely used now in TAH, LVAD, intraaortic balloon purnpsllJoand in micropore capsules for pancreatic islet cell ~ultures.2~ In addition Dr. Yu. Yuzhelevski and his co-workers are carrying out the study and development of different organosiloxane compositions for embolization, endoprostheses and intraocular l e n ~ e s . ~ ” ~ ~ Drs. S. Fedorov, L. Chabrova, and co-workers at The All-Union Center ”Microsurgery of Eye” have initiated studies on the application of artificial polyorganosil~xane~~ and hydroge13’intraocular lenses. They are also examining the toxicological and immunological reactions induced by silicon lenses, including humoral and cell reactions of eye t i s s ~ e s . ~ ’ - ~ ~ Drs. T. Daurova, A. Adamjan and co-workers at The Institute of Surgery, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, have focused their activities on the development and investigation of disposable dressings, suture materials, soft tissue implants and x-ray contrast compounds for occlusion of ducts, cysts and fi~tules.j~-~l The activities related to the development of endoprostheses are carried out at the Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Moscow, in The Laboratory of Polymers under the direction of Dr. I. Movshovich and include the investigation of polymer materials (polyethyleneterephthalate, high-molecular-weight polyethylene, polyamides, silicone rubber, carboplastics (and also alloys and ceramics), and the design and development of orthopedic prostheses>2-47 Dr. H. Janson with co-workers at The Latvian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Riga, are involved in the development of composite materials for endoprostheses. The composites on a polymer matrix base such as epoxide resins, dental polymer cements and silicon rubber appear to be very promising as materials for endoprosthesis. Alumina borosilicate glass, carbon and polyethylenetetraphthalate fibers are used for reinforcement Dr. E. Panarin and his group at The Institute of High Molecular Weight Compounds, Leningrad, in collaboration with Dr. G. Afinogenov and his group at The Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Leningrad, have been investigating different water-soluble polymers with antimicrobial activity: cationic polyelectrolytes, complexones, polymers
BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE USSR
257
prepared by polymerization of monomeric antimicrobial agents, e t ~ . Their ~' studies also allow regulation of the elimination rate of an antimicrobial agent from the polymer film.51,52 Dr. I? Kasyanov and co-workers at the Riga Polytechnical Institute have proposed a complex approach to the investigation of mechanical behavior of a soft biological tissue of blood vessels and heart valves under large deformations and different types of load. Taking into account the peculiarities of stress-strain behavior and composition of blood vessel tissue, they have developed a compliant vascular graft from a composite material and demonstrated it to be promising as a material for small-diameter vascular Research on the relationship between fatigue and blood compatibility of biomaterials has been carried out by Dr. Parfeev's group at The Institute of Polymer Mechanics, Latvian Academy of Sciences, The interrelationships between types of polymer (polyetherurethanes, silicone rubber) used for TAH and LVAD or heart valve prostheses, degree of structural changes o ~ ~in V ~ V have O ~ ~ during the cyclic loading and blood compatibility in v i t ~ and been established. Drs. Lipatova, Pkhakadze, and co-workers from The Institute of Organic Chemistry, Kiev, have investigated and synthesized biodegradable polyurethanes containing sugar residues in the main chain6' and polyurethanes with heparin!' These materials are used for temporary prostheses, carriers for drugs, and immobilization of biologically active c0mpounds.6'-~~ Quantitative aspects of some polymers' (polyester implants, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyorganosiloxanes, collagenous and polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polyolefins) degradation in living bodies with consideration of the processes of electrolytes' diffusion and protein adsorption have been developed by Dr. G. Zaikov's group at The Institute of Chemical Physics, USSR Academy of Sciences, The Division of Toxicology of Polymer Materials and Devices for Medical Use at The All-Union Research and Experimental Institute for Medical Technology, Moscow, is involved in toxicological control of new polymer materials and devices for medical US^.^^-^' Under the direction of Dr. V. Lappo, research and development of new methods of evaluating polymer's toxicological properties, based on physicochemical evaluation of elimination products from polymer to different media, are carried In addition, Dr. A. Davydov and his group are mainly involved in applied research in the field of development of biocompatible, bioactive, mechanically stable and biodegradable polymers used in operations on internal organs, in drug delivery systems, in orthopedics for osteosynthesis, and in reconstructive laryngeal surgery.7'-'O Dr. N. Dobrova and co-workers from The Laboratory of Medical Polymers at The Bakulev Institute of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, MOSCOW,~~ focus their activities on the following problems: development of methods of polymer modification ionic-covalent immobilized anticoagulants, antiaggregants and fibrinolytic corn pound^;^^-^^ in vit TO and ex vivo assessment of mechanical and blood compatible properties of artificial valves from pyrrolytic c a r b ~ n , Sbio~-~~
2 58
SEVASTIANOV AND TSEYTLINA
tissuess and polymers;87ssevaluation of physicochemical (in cooperation with ' ~ biological properties of biomaterials for contact Dr. G. Zaikov's g r o ~ p ) and with blood.93In cooperation with Dr. B. Tseytlin from The Research Institute of Cotton Industry, Moscow, vascular grafts from carbon-containing polypropylene fibers have been de~eloped.8~-~' The development and clinical assessment of suture materials for microsurgery and adsorbable sutures for general surgery is an area of joint investigation by the groups of Dr. S. Makeev (Polytechnical Institute, Kiev) and Dr. Yu. Furmanov (Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Surgery, Kie~).~~-~~ In conclusion, we should like to say a few words about The USSR Center for Blood Compatible Materials at The Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow. These are the following main activities of our Center: Assessment of the blood compatible properties of all new biomaterials produced in the USSR for contact with b l o ~ d ; ~ ,development '~,~~ of new methods of investigation of blood compatible properties of biomaterials and the study of the mechanism of biomaterial interaction with b l o ~ d ; ~ -fo'~~ cused mainly on the initial stages of this process using the kinetic approach; and participation in the development of new biomaterials and devices for medical use~2,10,27,73,X0,9~,99,10~107 The Center carries out fundamental studies in the following areas: protein a d ~ ~ r p t i o n , 'complement ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ ' ~activation,'"oz~'03 ~ cell reaction^,^-'^^ and calcifiSome studies in calcification are carried out in collaboration with the group of Dr. B. Fursov of The Bakulev Institute of Cardio-Vascular S~rgery."~-'~~ To perform all of these activities, the Center has a strong cooperation with more than 30 scientific and industrial groups in the USSR. It is noteworthy that every odd-numbered year the Soviet scientists engaged in biomaterials studies present their fundamental and applied results at the All-Union Symposium "Synthetic Polymers for Medical Use" and its Transactions. Beginning in 1988, the workshop "Blood Compatible Biomaterials" will be held every even-numbered year. References 1. N. A. Plate and S. S. Rashidova, Synthetic Polymers for Medical Use, (Russ.), FAN, Tashkent, 1984. 2. VI. Sevastianov, O.V. Laksina, S. P. Novikova, I. B. Rosanova, E. A. Tseytlina, and B. I. Shalnev, Modern Blood Compatible Materials for HeartVascular Surgery, (Russ.), V. I. Shumakov (ed.), VNIIMI, Moscow, 1987. 3. 8.A. Gorelik, L. A. Sokolova, A.G. Grigorjev, S. D. Kosarev, E. I. Semenenko, G. A. Matjushin, and L. Rychla, "Modification of polymers used in medical devices," Macromol. Chimi., 28, 249-265 (1989). 4. I. M. Rajigorodskii, and E. Sh. Goldberg, "Siloxane-containing copolymers-new materials for medical use," in Production of Medical Glass and Plastics, (Russ.), Moscow, 1989, pp. 1-22. 5. B. A. Gorelik, I. M. Rajigorodskii, and E. Sh. Goldberg, "The abnormal properties of polycarbonatepolysiloxane block-copolymers," (Russ.), Vsokumolek. Soedinen., 31B, 325-326 (1989).
BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE USSR
259
6. B. A. Gorelik, S. P. Novikova, G. A. Matjushin, and S. D. Koshelev, "Radiation stability and blood compatibility of some polymers," Radiation Phys. Chem., 33, part C, 329-336 (1989). 7. B. A. Gorelik, The All-Union Research Institute of Medical Polymers, Nauchny pr. 10, Moscow, 117246. 8. A. J. Polyschuk, L. B. Vladimirov, A. L. Iordanski, G. E. Zaikov, O.G. Fortunatov, A.V. Trezvova, and E.V. Iljakov, "Ratio of reversible and irreversible protein adsorptional layers on the surface of segmented polyetherurethanes," (Russ.), Vysokomolek. Soedinen., 27, 1327-1331 (1985). 9. 0.G. Fortunatov, The All-Union Research Institute of Medical Polymers, Nauchny pr. 10, Moscow, 117246. 10. V. I. Sevastianov, "Polymer materials for total artificial heart and assist devices," in Artificial Organs, V. I. Shumakov (ed.), VNIIMI, Moscow, 1985, pp. 55-64. 11. A.V. Trezvova, G. A. Trishanova, I. K. Grigorjanz, O.G. Fortunatov, and E.V. Iljakov, "Study of the possibility of the development of membranes on the base of segmented polyetherurethanes for medical use," (Russ.), Chimiko-Pkurmaceutic. J., 2, 224-226 (1987). 12. M.K. Shiystaleva, M.N. Kurganov, A. I. Demina, M. B. Pestova, and 0.G. Tarakanov, "Hydrolytic stability of polyurethanes in model biological media," (Russ.), Mechanika Kompozitnykh rnaterialov, 5, 3442 (1985). 13. E.V. Dmitriev, E. V. Smurova, M.B. Pestova, A. G. Ostashkov, and J. V. Chennikova, "Synthesis and investigation of the segmented polyetherurethanes for leaf valves," (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th AllUnion Symp. "Synthetic polymers for medical use," Kiev, 1989, pp. 8586. 14. V. E. Lozhkin, Yu. S. Gorbunov, I. D. Shamolina, V. V. Gryshina, and B. M. Nesterkova, "Comparative characteristics of hemodialysis membranes," (Russ.), Trans. of the VII-th All-Union Symp. "Synthetic polymers for medical use," Minsk, 1985, p. 57. 15. M. B. Pestova, The Scientific-Industrial Union "Polymersynthesis," Froonze str., 77, Vladimir, 600020. 16. I. D. SHamolina, ibid. 17. N. A. Plate, L. I. Valuev, and V. V. Chupov, "Synthesis and polymerization of macromonomers on the basis of physiologically active compounds,'' (Russ.), Vysokomolek. Soedinen., 27A, 2019-2034 (1985). 18. N.A. Plate, L. I. Valuev, V. V. Chupov, and I. F. Burdygina, "Polymers modified with biologically active substances-a new class of blood compatible materials for contact with b l o o d (Russ.), Voprosy medicinskoi chimii, 31,43-47 (1985). 19. N.A. Plate, L. I. Valuev, V. V. Chupov, and I. F. Burdygina, "The increased selectivity of proteolytic enzymes covalently immobilized in the matrix of polymer hydrogels," (Russ.), DOH. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 282,1010-1013 (1985). 20. N. A. Plate, L. I. Valuev, and V. V. Chupov, "On the regulation of the interaction of synthetic polymers with blood," Macromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 10, 245-255 (1986). 21. N. A. Plate and L. I. Valuev, "The problems of the creation of synthetic polymers for contact with biological media," (Russ.), J. Vsesouzn. Chimich. Obckestva im. Mendeleeva, 30, 402-410 (1985). 22. N. A. Plate, The Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 29, Moscow, 117912. 23. T. A. Valueva, L.A. Maklakova, L.I. Valuev, V.V. Mosolov, and N. A. Plate, "Biospecific sorbents for removal of proteases from biological media," (Russ.), Voprosy rnedicinskoi ckimii, 31, 34-38 (1985).
SEVASTIANOV AND TSEY TLINA
260 24.
25.
26. 27.
28. 29.
30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
35. 36. 37.
38.
39.
40. 41.
T. A. Valueva, V. A. Sinani, L.I. Valuev, V. V. Chupov, V. V. Mosolov, and N. A. Plate, “Synthesis and properties of biospecific sorbents on the base of protein inhibitors of proteinases,“ (Russ.), Biotechnologia, 4, 525-533 (1988). N.V. Panova, T. I. Prozhogina, and T. S. Minina, “The properties of urethane thermoelastoplast on the base of polyether modified with polyacetoxisiloxane,” (Russ.), in Properties of Urethane Elastomers, CNIITEN, Leningrad, 1984, pp. 49-58. N.V. Panova, The All-Union Research Institute of Synthetic Rubber, Gapsalskaya nab., 1, Leningrad, 198035. S. N. Ignatenko, V. 1. Sevastianov, V. N. Bljumkin, and N. N. Skaletsky, “Transplantation of micropore capsules containing fetal pancreatic islet cell cultures in diabetic recipients,” Abstr. of the 3rd International Symp. “Transplantation of endocrine pancreas,” Yugoslavia, 1989, p. 21. Yu. A. Yuzhelevski, and S.V. Sokolov, “Siloxane polymers in medicine, problems and prospects,” (Russ.), J. Vsesouzn. Chimich. Obchestva im. Mendeleeva, 30, 455-460 (1985). L. S. Chabrova, S. N. Fedorov, S. R. Nanushkjan, Sh. G. Kaplan, and Yu. A. Yuzhelevski, ”The development of silicon blood compatible intraocular lenses,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th All-Union Symp. “Synthetic polymers for medical use,” Kiev, 1989, pp. 166-167. Yu. A. Yuzhelevski, The All-Union Research Institute of Synthetic Rubber, Gapsalskaya nab., 1, Leningrad, 198035. A. I. Ivashina, N. Kh. Balashova, V. B. Malyshev, O.T. Fedchenko, and S. N. Fedorov, “Hydrogel artificial lens i n cataract surgery,” (Russ.), Ibid, pp. 161-162. S. N. Fedorov, L. S. Chabrova, and V.G. Kokreidze, ”Eye tissue reaction at the implantation of silicon lenses in the experiment,” (Russ.), Medicin. Referatin J., 7, 12-14 (1988). S.N. Fedorov, L.S. Chabrova, and N.I. Afanasjeva, “IR and UVspectroscopy in the complex toxicological assessment of polysiloxane intraocular lenses,” (Russ.), Ibid, pp. 17-20. N. I. Afanasjeva, M.G. Ezepnitskaya, B.V. Lokshin, S. N. Fedorov, and L. S. Chabrova, ”Spectroscopy studies of polysiloxane intraocular lenses,” (Russ.), J. Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, 50, 833-836 (1989). S. N. Fedorov, The All-Union Center “Microsurgery of Eye,” Beskudnikovsky blvr., 59a, Moscow, 127486. T.T. Daurova, F. M. Khitrov, L. A. Brusova, N. I. Ostretsova, and I. K. Tebloev, ”Oligosiloxanes in reconstructive surgery of face,” Acta Chir. Plast., 27, 90-96 (1985). M. D. Scuba, Ja. Kalal, I. Bazik, and 0.S. Voronkova, ”Morphological foundation of hydrogel use for vascular occlusion,“ Macromol. chem. suppl., 9, 45-50 (1985). D. Horak, E Svec, Ja. Kalal, A. Adamjan, Y. Volynski, 0. Voronkova, L. Kokov, and K. Gumargalieva, ”Hydrogels in endovascular embolization. 11. Clinical use of spherical particles,” Biomaterials, 7, 467-470 (1986). D. Horak, F. Svec, Ja. Kalal, A. Adamjan, N. Skuba, M. Titova, V. Dan, B. Varava, T. Trostenyuk, 0. Voronkova, K. Gumargalieva, and V. Timokhina, “Hydrogels in endovascular embolization. IV. Effect of radiopaque particles on the living tissue,” Biomaterials, 9,367-371 (1988). A. A. Adamjan, ”Modern approach to the development of biologically active suture materials,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th All-Union Symp. “Synthetic polymers for medical use,” Kiev, 1989, pp. 3-4. A. Adamjan, The Institute of Surgery, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, B. Serpukhovskaya str., 27, Moscow, 113039.
BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE USSR 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.
49. 50. 51. 52. 53.
54.
55. 56. 57. 58.
59.
60. 61.
62.
261
I. A. Movshovich, M. Ja. Trojanker, and G. L. Voskresensky, "Experience of total endoprosthesis of hip joint with metal-polymer prosthesis," (Russ.), Ortopedia, Traumatologia, Protezirovanie, 10, 25-28 (1987). I. A. Movshovich, G. L. Voskresensky, N. S. Gavrjushenko, and L. Sh. Selja, "Displacement of caput radii with silicon implantate," (Russ.), Ortopedia, Traumatologia, Protezirovanie, 8, 12-15 (1986). K. M. Sherepo, "On non-cement endoprosthesis of hip joint," (Russ.), Ortopedia, Traumatologia, Protezirovanie, 3, 58-62 (1988). N. S. Gavrjushenko, "Selection of optimal friction pairs for endoprosthesis," Polymers in Medicine, 18, 35-37 (1988). I. A. Movshovich, "Artificial materials for tendon and ligament plasty," Polymers in Medicine, 18, 158-159 (1988). I. A. Movshovich, The Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Priorov str., 10, Moscow, 125299. H. A. Janson and Yu. G. Saulgozis, "Biomechanical approaches to the development of composite endoprostheses of strong tissues of organism," (Russ.), J. Vsesouzn. Chimich. Obshestva im. Mendeleeva, 30, 428-438 (1985). H. A. Janson, The Latvian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Duntes str., 12/22, Riga, 226005. E. Panarin and G. Afinogenov, "Macromolecular antimicrobial compounds and medicine," (Russ.), ]. Vsesouzn. Chimich. Obshestva im. Mendeleeva, 30, 378-386 (1985). E. Panarin, M. Solovski, N. Zaikina, and G. Afinogenov, "Biochemical activity of cationic polyelectrolytes," Macromol. &em. Suppl., 9, 25-33 (1985). E. Panarin, The Institute of High Molecular Weight Compounds, Bolshoi pr., 31, Leningrad, 199004. Ja. V. Volkolakov, R. Ja. Lacis, B. A. Purinja, V. A. Kasjanov, V. A. Ledus, and G. H. Pulmane, "The role of biomechanical and structural characteristics of aortic valve in the formation of bioprostheses," (Russ.), Grudnaja Chirurgija, 2, 41-46 (1985). V. V. Kasjenenko, V. A. Kasjanov, D. D. Mungalov, I.V. Stupin, V. N. Filatov, V. A. Kancevich, and N. I. Zakharov, "New textile vascular grafts made of hybrid fiber composite materia1,"PoZyrners in Medicine, 27, 41-55 (1987). Patent (USSR) N 1365407, Blood vessel's prosthesis (1988). V. A. Kasjanov, "Composite materials in artificial blood vessels and aortic heart valve," (Russ.), in Modern Problems in Biomechanics, H. Janson (ed.), Zinatne. Riga, vol. 4, 1987, pp. 5-41. V. A. Kasjanov, Riga's Polytechnical Institute, Kalku str., 1, Riga, 226355. V. M. Parfeev, I.V. Grushetskii, A. A. Drobyshev, N. K. Zimin, and V.I. Sevastianov, "Properties' changes of the LVAD in TAH after implantation into the calf," (Russ.), Mechanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, 3, 533536 (1985). V. 1. Sevastianov and V. M. Parfeev, "Fatigue and hemocompatibility of polymer materials," Artif. Organs, 11, 20-25 (1987). V. M. Parfeev, The Institute of Polymer Mechanics, Latvian Academy of Sciences, Aizkraukles str., 23, Riga, 226006. T. E. Lipatova, G. A. Pkhakadze, A.I. Snegirev, V. V. Voronoa, and V. V. Shilov, "Supermolecular organization of some polyurethanes containing sugar derivatives in the main chain," J. Biomed. Muter. Res., 18,129136 (1984). Yu. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova, D.V. Vasilchenko, V. F. Rosovitskii, I. L. Karpova, and N. A. Kvitka, "The change of microphase separation in segmented polyurethanes under binding with heparin," (Russ.), Dokl. A N Ukr. SSR, ser. B., 12, 41-44 (1986).
SEVASTIANOV AND TSEY TLINA
262 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
71. 72. 73.
74.
75.
76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83.
T.E. Lipatova and Yu. S. Lipatov, “The synthesis and use of polyurethanes in medicine,” J. Vsesousn. Chimich. Obshestva im. Mendeleeva, 30,438-446 (1985). G. A. Pkhakadze, The Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Murmanskaya str., 51, Kiev, 252056. G. E. Zaikov, A, L. Iordanskii, and V. S. Maskin, Diffusion of Electrolytes in Polymers, VSP, Utrecht, 1988. O.V. Startsev, A. L. Iordanskii, and G. E. Zaikov, ”Theoretical model of polymer degradation,” Polymer Degrad. and Stab., 16, 412-418 (1987). G. E. Zaikov, “Quantitative aspects of polymer degradation in living body,” J. Macromot. Sci. Rev., C25, 551-597 (1985). G. E. Zaikov, The Institute of Chemical Physics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Kosygin str., 4, Moscow, 117334. B. I. Leonov (ed.), Techniques, Alloys and Polymer Materials for Stomatology, (Russ.), VNIIIMT, Moscow, issue V, 1987. B. I. Leonov (ed.), Polymers and Devices for Medical Use, (Russ.), VNIIIMT, Moscow, issue IX, 1989. B. I. Leonov, The All-Union Research and Experimental Institute of Medical Technology, Kasatkin str., 3, Moscow, 129301. V.G. Lappo, S. Ja. Lanina, and V. I. Timokhina, ”Toxicological control of polymers and devices for medical use,” (Russ.), J. Vsesouzn. Chimich. Obshestva im. Mendeleeva, 30,461-464 (1985). S. Ja. Lanina, A.V. Gorshkov, L.A. Samarina, T. N. Makovskaja, R.I. Kajumov, N.G. Tishkovskaja, V.G. Lappo, L. Z. Hazen, and V.I. Sevastianov, “The application of the results of toxicological studies to the development of silicone rubber for medical use,” (Russ.), in Devices and Instruments for Surgery, B. I. Leonov, (ed.), VNIIIMT, Moscow, issue IV, 1987, pp. 52-61. S. Ja. Lanina, N. M. Kaminskaja, and L. A. Samarina, “Filling materials for caries cavity. Methodical peculiarities and results,” (Russ.), in Techniques, Alloys and Polymer Materials for Stomatology, B. I. Leonov (ed.), VNIIIMT, Moscow, issue V, 1987, pp. 21-33. S. Ja. Lanina, N.M. Strakhova, 1.1. Goncharova, and V.G. Lappo, “Study of the migration of dioctylphthalate and vinylchloride from polyvinylchloride container to blood, its components and conservants,“ (Russ.), in Polymer and Devices for Medical Use, B. I. Leonov (ed), VNIIIMT, Moscow, issue 9, 1989, pp. 73-78. S. Ja. Lanina, I. I. Goncharova, N. M. Strakhova, and VG. Lappo, ”The application of the results of toxicological studies to the development of polymer materials for medical use,” ibid, pp. 78-85. V.G. Lappo, The All-Union Research and Experimental Institute of Medical Technology, Kasatkin str., 3, Moscow, 129301. A. B. Davydov, ”Biochemical basis of construction and physicochemical characteristics of biocompatible polymer rods for intrabone osteosynthesis,” ibid, pp. 78-85. S. I. Belykh, ”The controlled delivery of medicines from implanted therapeutic devices on the base of blood compatible polymers,” ibid, pp. 27-35. A. B. Davydov, The All-Union Research and Experimental Institute of Medical Technology, Kasatkin str., 3, Moscow, 129301. V. S. Chekanov (ed). Experimental Heart-Vascular Surgery, (Russ.), ISSKh, Moscow, 1989. Patent (USSR), N 1391652, The method of the increase of polymer materials’ thromboresistance (1988). A. S. Krakovtsev, S. P. Novikova, A.I. Offengenden, L. S. Barbarash, T. I. Shraer, “Biological vascular grafts made of umbilical vein modified with heparin,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th All-Union Symp. ”Synthetic polymers for medical use’; Kiev, 1989, pp. 86-87.
BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE USSR 84. 85.
86.
87.
88. 89.
90.
91. 92. 93.
94.
95. 96.
97.
98.
99.
263
E. Brynda, M. Houska, S. P. Novikova, and N. B. Dobrova, “Polyethylene/hydrophilic polymer blends for biomaterial applications,” Biomaterials, 8, 57-60 (1987). S. P. Novikova, M. 8.Iljina, and A. I. Offengenden, ”The increase of thromboresistance of polymer materials by surface immobilization of conjugates of biologically active compounds,” (Russ.), in Experimental Heart-Vascular Surgery, V. S. Chekanov (ed.), ISSKh, Moscow, 1989, pp. 33-39. A.V. Agafonov, Ju. V. Zaretskii, and N. B. Dobrova, “Development, study and inculcation into serial production of the soviet heart valves,” ibid, pp. 29-33. N. 8. Dobrova, Ju. V. Zaretskii, A. I. Zorina, and V. S. Chekanov, “Modern models of artificial heart valves,” (Russ.), Grudnaja Chirurgia, 2, 79-86 (1989). N. B. Dobrova, The Bakulev Institute of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Leninsky pr., 8, Moscow, 117049. I. Ju, Dzuravleva, N. B. Dobrova, S. P. Novikova, G.I. Derkach, L. D. Kosterina, A.I. Offengenden, Ja. L. Elgudin, and L. S. Barbarash, “The new approach to the development of xenobioprostheses of heart valve, resistant to calcification,” (Russ.), Grudnaju Chirurgia, 5, 25-30 (1989). E.V. Smurova and M. B. Dobrova, “The study of the possibility of the creation of the artificial leaf heart valve,” (Russ.), in Experimental Heart-Vascular Surgery, V. S. Chekanov (ed.), ISSKh, Moscow, 1989, pp. 39-42. B. L. Tsetlin, The Research Institute of Cotton Industry, Ordzhonikidze str., 12, Moscow, 117119. N. B. Dobrova and M. 8. Iljina, “The main trends in the development of vascular grafts,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th All-Union Symp. ”Synthetic Polymers for Medical Use,” Kiev, 1989, pp. 7-8. A. A. Snimishikova, A.V. Vlasov, V. A. Lvov, and B. A. Tsetlin, “Kinetic mechanism of radiation graft polymerization of vinylidenechloride from gas phase to polypropylene fiber,” (Russ,), Vysokomolek. Soedinenia, 19A, 2128-2131 (1987). L.L. Rasumova, E.V. Smurova, A.A. Veretennikova, N.P. Tsakulin, E. K. Dmitriev, and G. E. Zaikov, “The influence of aggressive action on the structure and mechanical properties of the segmented polyurethanes used for contact with blood,” (Russ.), Dokl. Akad. Sci. SSSR, 304,909-912 (1989). S. D. Makeev, Kiev Polytechnical Institute, Brest-Litovski pr., 39, Kiev, 252056. N.B. Dobrova, M.B. Iljina, S.P. Novikova, E.S. Sidorenko, A. Ju. Gorodkov, E.V. Smurova, M. N. Selezneva, A. I. Offengenden, ”The development of the system of methods for the complex assessment of polymer materials for heart-vascular system,” (Russ.), in Experimental Heart-Vascular Surgery, V. S. Chekanov (ed.), ISSKh, Moscow, 1989, pp. 23-28. Yu. A. Furmanov, The Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Surgery, Geroev Sevastopolya str., 30, Kiev, 252165. Yu. A. Furmanov, E.V. Gorshevikova, A. A. Adamjan, T. I. Vinokurova, B.L. Tsetlin, A.V. Vlasov, L . L . Plotkin, E.M. Silnrs, G. Yu. Mashkovsky, “Development and trials of antimicrobial surgical suture materials,” (Russ.), Klinicheskaya Khirurgiya, 3, 25-28 (1985). A. A. Paschenko, S. D. Makeev, Yu. A. Furmanov, V.I. Sevastianov, and E. A. Tseytlina, “Development of microsurgical suture material coated with chemosorbed metalorganic substances, its medical, biological and clinical testing,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VII-th All-Union Symp. “Synthetic Polymers for Medical Use,” Minsk, 1985, p. 106.
SEVASTIANOV AND TSEYTLINA
264 100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105. 106. 107.
108.
109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116.
Yu. A. Furmanov, G. Yu. Moshkovsky, A. B. Solomko, B.G. Jasnitsky, G. M. Tsukanova, B.A. Oridoroga, and S. D. Makeev, “Development biological and clinical assessment of synthetic absorbal and microsurgical suture materials,” (Russ.), Trans. of the VIII-th All-Union Symp. “Synthetic Polymers for Medical Use,” Kiev, 1989, pp. 24-26. E. A. Nemetz, V.I. Sevastianov, L. L. Razumova, and G. E. Zaikov, ”Structural and chemical thermal transformation of stabilized polyacrylonitrilic fibres and characteristic parameters of their interaction with platelets and blood plasma proteins,” Polymers in Medicine, 15, 137-147 (1986). E. A. Tseytlina, B.I.Shalnev, V.I. Sevastianov, I. M. Lanskaja, and A. L. Martchenko, ”Complement system activation in haemodialysis and possibilities of its prognostication,“ Polymers in Medicine, 15,-149-159 (1986). i! I. Sevastianov and O.V. Laksina, “Adsorption-desorption processes of proteins at solid-blood interface,” 1. Colloid Interface Sci., 112, 279289 (1986). E. A. Tseytlina, I. M. Lanskaja, A. A. Martchenko, A. E. Rolichin, and V. I. Sevastianov, ”The method of the evaluation of the degree of complement activation in patients during hemodialysis,” (Russ.), Medicinskaya Technika, 5, 39-43 (1987). V. I. Sevastianov, ”Role of protein adsorption in blood compatibility of polymers,” CRC Crit. Rev. Biocumpatibility, 4, 109-154 (1988). V. I. Shumakov (ed.), Artificial Organs, (Russ.), VNIIMI, Moscow, part 1, 1985. V.I. Shumakov, Yu. M. Kiselev, V. E. Tolpekin, A. N. Makeev, M. M. Razgulov, and S. L. Vasin, “Development of autonomous paracorporeal and implanted artificial heart and circulatory assist systems,” Artif. Organs, 11,39-46 (1987). E. A. Nemetz, M. Belomestnaja, and S. I? Novikova, ”The interaction of the heparinized surface of biomaterial with platelets,” (Russ.), in Problems of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, V. I. Shumakov (ed.), 1989, pp. 173-176. MOSCOW, M.M. Razgulov, S. B. Truchmanov, V.I. Sevastianov, and S. L. Vasin, “The new method of the creation of TAH and assist devices,“ ibid, pp. 165-169. A. N. Asanov, E. A. Kulik, and V. I. Sevastianov, “The energetic heterogeneity of the solid surface at the protein adsorption,” (Russ.), Dokl. Acad. Sci. SSSR, 296, 735-739 (1987). V. I. Sevastianov and A. N. Asanov, “Protein adsorption: the model of continuous energetic heterogeneity of proteinlsurface interaction,“ Trans. of the 3rd World Biomaterials Congress, 1988, XI, p. 91. V.I. Sevastianov, and I. B. Rozanova, ”The role of complexation and adsorption in the initial stages of biomaterials‘ calcification,” ibid, p. 462. I. B. Rozanova, A.V. Gorshkov, and V. I. Sevastianov, ”Influence of silicone rubber on the balance of calcium fractions in human blood serum,” (Russ.), Medicinskuya Technika, 5, 15-19 (1988). V. I. Sevastianov and I. €3. Rozanova, “Effect of physico-chemical properties of polymer materials on the initial stages of calcification,” A r t i j Organs, 13, 364 (1989). V.I. Shumakov, I.B. Rozanova, and VI. Sevastianov, ”The role of molecules and cells in calcification of hydrophobic polymer materials,’’ Artif. Organs, 13, 367 (1989). Yu. G. Gololobov, 8. A. Fursov, B. P. Mischenko, V. V. Zaitsev, V. A. Djatlov, I.B. Rozanova, E.A. Tseytlina, L.A. Salomatina, and E.A. Matsulenko, ”Influence of the methods of chemical treatment of xenopericardial bioprostheses of blood valves on their calcification,
BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE USSR
117.
118. 119.
120.
265
blood compatible and immunogenic properties,” (Russ.), Dokl. Acad. Sci. Ukr. SSR, ser. B, 1, 56-59 (1989). B. A. Fursov, 1.1. Skopin, V. V. Zaitsev, V. A. Guljaev, V. P. Mischenko, A.R. Korigotsky, E.A. Nemetz, E.A. Tseytlina, and L.A. Salomatina, “Experimental assessment of bioprosthetic vessels on the base of homo- and xeno-arteries,” (Russ.), in Experimental Heart-Vascular Surgery, V. S. Chekanov (ed.), ISSKh, Moscow, 1989, pp. 74-77. B.A. Fursov, B. P. Mischenko, V.V. Zaitsev, L.V. Zaitsev, I. B. Rozanova, S. L. Vasin, and L. A. Salomatina, “The study of pathogenesis of bioprosthetic heart valves in the animal experiments,” ibid, pp. 77-80. B. A. Fursov, The Bakulev Institute of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Leninsky pr., 8, Moscow, 117049. V. I. Sevastianov, The USSR Center for Blood Compatible Biomaterials, the Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Shukinskaya str., 1, Moscow, 123436.
Received February 15,1990 Accepted September 5,1990
