October - December 2014
467
Correspondences
References 1. Ahola AJ, Yli‑Knuuttila H, Suomalainen T, Poussa T, Ahlstrom A, Meurman JH, et al. Short‑term consumption of probiotic containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Arch Oral Biol 2002;47:799‑804. 2. Cagler E, Kargula B, Tanboga I. Bacteriotherapy and probiotics’ role on oral health. Oral Dis 2005;11:131‑7.
*M Astekar, GK Sidhu, NS Kathuria Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (MA), Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research Society University, Udaipur, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (GKS, NSK), Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India *Corresponding author (email: ) Received: 15‑07‑2013 Accepted: 15-01-2014
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b
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Figure 1: (a) Light-blue to dark-blue, raised colonies on the inoculated surface of the Streptococcus mutans strip. (b) White to transparent colonies of Lactobacillus on modified Rogosa agar surface
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Acknowledgement
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.142242
We would like to acknowledge Dr. Sonalee Shah, for her guidance and support.
Biofilm formation by Candida species on intrauretheral catheter and its antifungal susceptibility profile Dear Editor, Indwelling urinary catheter is the single most predisposing factor implicated in aetiopathogenesis of hospital‑acquired urinary tract infections (UTI).[1] High incidence of catheter‑associated UTI (CAUTI) is due to biofilm mode of growth of microbes. In light of inadequacy of literature on the fungal biofilms, this study was initiated to study antimicrobial‑resistance pattern in biofilm‑forming fungal isolates in CAUTI. Over the period of 1 year, 100 Candida species were speciated from catheterised urine samples and their biofilm formation was determined by spectrophotometric method.[2] Only biofilm forming isolates were further tested to determine antifungal‑resistance pattern.
Antifungal susceptibility profile of planktonic cells of biofilm‑forming isolates was done by determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by broth microdilution method.[3] In vitro antifungal susceptibility profile of biofilm‑adherent cells was done by exposing biofilms to the antifungals and determining MIC.[4] Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 96142 were used as controls. Biofilm formation was seen in 54 percent of Candida species isolates. MIC determination showed that planktonic cells were susceptible to antifungals. Only 72.2% biofilm adherent cells were sensitive to amphotericin B while the sensitivity for azoles was negligible [Table 1]. The artificial surface of catheter facilitates adhesion of microbes which then forms biofilms providing a
www.ijmm.org
468
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
vol. 32, No. 4
Table 1: Antifungal susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm‑adherent cells of Candida species Flucanozole Itraconazole Amphotericin B Planktonic Biofilm Planktonic Biofilm Planktonic Biofim S* R† S R S R S R S R S R 3 1 0 4 3 1 1 3 4 0 3 1 C. albicans (n‑4) 34 12 0 46 36 10 1 45 46 0 33 13 C. tropicalis (n‑46) 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 C.glabrata (n‑2) 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 2 0 2 0 C.parapsilosis (n‑2) 40 14 0 54 42 12 2 52 54 0 39 15 Total (n‑54) Candida species
S*: Sensitive, R†: Resistant
niche for increased survival of organisms. This is intimately associated with infection and management of such biofilm‑based catheter‑related infection pose a great challenge because of increasing resistance of biofilm‑associated micro‑organisms to antimicrobial agents.[5] Our study also indicate increased resistance of biofilm‑adherent Candida cells isolated from catheterised urine samples to clinically used antifungal agents. This may explain why antifungal treatment of CAUTI often does not achieve long‑term eradication of Candida species. Thus in the present scenario, with increasing numbers of CAUTI caused by biofilm‑forming organisms, effective strategies should be adopted to prevent CAUTI. References 1. Kamat US, Ferreira A, Amonkar D, Motghare DD, Kulkarni MS. Epidemiology of hospital acquired urinary tract infections in a medical college hospital in Goa. Indian J Urol 2009;25:76‑80. 2. Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JJ, Baddour LM, Barrett FF, Melton DM, et al. Adherence of coagulase‑negative staphylococi to plastic tissue cultures: A quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. J Clin Microbiol 1985;22:996‑1006. 3. National committee for clinical laboratory standards. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Approved standard. 2nd ed. M27‑A2.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: Wayne, Pa;2002. 4. Ramage G, Vande Walle K, Wickes BL, Lopez‑Ribot JL. Standardized method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2475‑9. 5. Mah TF, O’Toole GA. Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol 2001;9:34‑9.
S Chaudhary, C Gupta, *S Das, R Saha, M Rani, VG Ramachandran Department of Microbiology (SC, CG, SD, RS, MR, VGR), University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi‑110 095, India. *Corresponding author: (email: ) Received: 16‑09‑2013 Accepted: 29‑01‑2014 Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.ijmm.org PMID: *** DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.142244
Prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli serotypes in raw sewage of North‑Western Punjab, India Sir, Anti‑microbial resistance in Escherichia coli is major issue, considering the most common Gram‑negative pathogen, causing urinary tract infections, as well as community‑and hospital‑acquired bacteraemia disease in humans. An ability to transfer antibiotic resistance
determinants not only to other strains of E. coli, but also to other pathogenic bacteria[1] remains the basic principle to conduct the study issuing raw sewage indicators of Jalandhar city (north‑western Punjab), India. A 100 ml raw sewage sample was collected from the Pholriwal village (city waste water treatment plant),
www.ijmm.org
Copyright of Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
467
Correspondences
References 1. Ahola AJ, Yli‑Knuuttila H, Suomalainen T, Poussa T, Ahlstrom A, Meurman JH, et al. Short‑term consumption of probiotic containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Arch Oral Biol 2002;47:799‑804. 2. Cagler E, Kargula B, Tanboga I. Bacteriotherapy and probiotics’ role on oral health. Oral Dis 2005;11:131‑7.
*M Astekar, GK Sidhu, NS Kathuria Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (MA), Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research Society University, Udaipur, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (GKS, NSK), Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India *Corresponding author (email: ) Received: 15‑07‑2013 Accepted: 15-01-2014
a
b
Access this article online
Figure 1: (a) Light-blue to dark-blue, raised colonies on the inoculated surface of the Streptococcus mutans strip. (b) White to transparent colonies of Lactobacillus on modified Rogosa agar surface
Quick Response Code:
Website: www.ijmm.org PMID: ***
Acknowledgement
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.142242
We would like to acknowledge Dr. Sonalee Shah, for her guidance and support.
Biofilm formation by Candida species on intrauretheral catheter and its antifungal susceptibility profile Dear Editor, Indwelling urinary catheter is the single most predisposing factor implicated in aetiopathogenesis of hospital‑acquired urinary tract infections (UTI).[1] High incidence of catheter‑associated UTI (CAUTI) is due to biofilm mode of growth of microbes. In light of inadequacy of literature on the fungal biofilms, this study was initiated to study antimicrobial‑resistance pattern in biofilm‑forming fungal isolates in CAUTI. Over the period of 1 year, 100 Candida species were speciated from catheterised urine samples and their biofilm formation was determined by spectrophotometric method.[2] Only biofilm forming isolates were further tested to determine antifungal‑resistance pattern.
Antifungal susceptibility profile of planktonic cells of biofilm‑forming isolates was done by determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by broth microdilution method.[3] In vitro antifungal susceptibility profile of biofilm‑adherent cells was done by exposing biofilms to the antifungals and determining MIC.[4] Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 96142 were used as controls. Biofilm formation was seen in 54 percent of Candida species isolates. MIC determination showed that planktonic cells were susceptible to antifungals. Only 72.2% biofilm adherent cells were sensitive to amphotericin B while the sensitivity for azoles was negligible [Table 1]. The artificial surface of catheter facilitates adhesion of microbes which then forms biofilms providing a
www.ijmm.org
468
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
vol. 32, No. 4
Table 1: Antifungal susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm‑adherent cells of Candida species Flucanozole Itraconazole Amphotericin B Planktonic Biofilm Planktonic Biofilm Planktonic Biofim S* R† S R S R S R S R S R 3 1 0 4 3 1 1 3 4 0 3 1 C. albicans (n‑4) 34 12 0 46 36 10 1 45 46 0 33 13 C. tropicalis (n‑46) 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 C.glabrata (n‑2) 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 2 0 2 0 C.parapsilosis (n‑2) 40 14 0 54 42 12 2 52 54 0 39 15 Total (n‑54) Candida species
S*: Sensitive, R†: Resistant
niche for increased survival of organisms. This is intimately associated with infection and management of such biofilm‑based catheter‑related infection pose a great challenge because of increasing resistance of biofilm‑associated micro‑organisms to antimicrobial agents.[5] Our study also indicate increased resistance of biofilm‑adherent Candida cells isolated from catheterised urine samples to clinically used antifungal agents. This may explain why antifungal treatment of CAUTI often does not achieve long‑term eradication of Candida species. Thus in the present scenario, with increasing numbers of CAUTI caused by biofilm‑forming organisms, effective strategies should be adopted to prevent CAUTI. References 1. Kamat US, Ferreira A, Amonkar D, Motghare DD, Kulkarni MS. Epidemiology of hospital acquired urinary tract infections in a medical college hospital in Goa. Indian J Urol 2009;25:76‑80. 2. Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JJ, Baddour LM, Barrett FF, Melton DM, et al. Adherence of coagulase‑negative staphylococi to plastic tissue cultures: A quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. J Clin Microbiol 1985;22:996‑1006. 3. National committee for clinical laboratory standards. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Approved standard. 2nd ed. M27‑A2.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: Wayne, Pa;2002. 4. Ramage G, Vande Walle K, Wickes BL, Lopez‑Ribot JL. Standardized method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2475‑9. 5. Mah TF, O’Toole GA. Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol 2001;9:34‑9.
S Chaudhary, C Gupta, *S Das, R Saha, M Rani, VG Ramachandran Department of Microbiology (SC, CG, SD, RS, MR, VGR), University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi‑110 095, India. *Corresponding author: (email: ) Received: 16‑09‑2013 Accepted: 29‑01‑2014 Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.ijmm.org PMID: *** DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.142244
Prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli serotypes in raw sewage of North‑Western Punjab, India Sir, Anti‑microbial resistance in Escherichia coli is major issue, considering the most common Gram‑negative pathogen, causing urinary tract infections, as well as community‑and hospital‑acquired bacteraemia disease in humans. An ability to transfer antibiotic resistance
determinants not only to other strains of E. coli, but also to other pathogenic bacteria[1] remains the basic principle to conduct the study issuing raw sewage indicators of Jalandhar city (north‑western Punjab), India. A 100 ml raw sewage sample was collected from the Pholriwal village (city waste water treatment plant),
www.ijmm.org
Copyright of Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
