Environmental Technology

ISSN: 0959-3330 (Print) 1479-487X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tent20

Biodrying for municipal solid waste: volume and weight reduction Melayib Bilgin & Şevket Tulun To cite this article: Melayib Bilgin & Şevket Tulun (2015) Biodrying for municipal solid waste: volume and weight reduction, Environmental Technology, 36:13, 1691-1697, DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1006262 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1006262

Accepted online: 09 Jan 2015.Published online: 16 Feb 2015.

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Date: 08 October 2015, At: 03:37

Environmental Technology, 2015 Vol. 36, No. 13, 1691–1697, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1006262

Biodrying for municipal solid waste: volume and weight reduction Melayib Bilgin ∗ and Sevket ¸ Tulun Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Aksaray University, Aksaray 68100, Turkey

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(Received 14 July 2014; accepted 6 January 2015 ) Biodrying is a variation of aerobic decomposition used for the mechanical–biological treatment organic substances to dry and partially stabilize residual municipal waste. This study focuses on the volume and weight reduction biodegradation of the biodrying process using municipal solid waste and the appearance of a stable, final product. The materials were placed in a reactor with invariant airflow rates of 50 L/h and initial moisture contents of 48.49–50.00%. The laboratory-scale experiments were implemented using a 36-L biodrying reactor equipped with an air supply system, a biomass temperature sensor and air sensors. To determine the effect of temperature on biodrying, the process was repeated at various temperatures between 30 °C and 50 °C. The results obtained indicated that after 13 days, biodrying reduced the volume content of waste by 32% and the final product had a high calorific value (4680 kcal/kg). Keywords: biodrying; biowaste; municipal solid waste; water content; disposal

1. Introduction Waste is defined as any residual material from industrial and human activities that has no residual value.[1] Waste released directly into the environment without treatment has the potential to cause significant damages to land, water and air resources, making the proper disposal of residual and frequently toxic waste material a significant public policy concern. Collective waste disposal system is an important tool for controlling environmental damage from the release of untreated waste residues.[2] The accelerated urbanization has led to an increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in many countries.[3] MSW is broadly generated in everyday activities and predicted to continue to grow as MSW production is linked to socio-demographic and economic dynamics.[4] Each year around 25 million tonnes of MSW are generated nationwide.[5] UNECA [6] underscored that with increasing urbanization, urban population growth, floating populations, the modernization of agriculture and increasing consumerism or westernization of consumption patterns in most countries, the quantities of urban waste generated will continue to increase and also become more complex.[6,7] MSW is a major environmental problem in Turkey as in many developing countries. Improper management of solid waste leads to serious environmental and health problems. Such practices contribute to widespread environmental pollution as well as the spread of diseases.[8] MSW consists of a mixture of different wastes of which only the organic fraction (consisting of kitchen waste, food waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves and fruits) is degraded within

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] © 2015 Taylor & Francis

1–2 weeks time.[9] For the final disposal and reutilization of organic wastes, reduction of moisture content (MC) is essential because water contained in the organic waste generates leachate, lowers energy content and indirectly causes odour.[10] In order to solve problems of waste management, technologies for biological waste treatment such as composting, biostabilization and biodrying have become of general interest.[11] Considering organic municipal waste, to reduce its size and volume, composting of the biodegradable fraction has become a widely accepted approach compared with other disposal methods.[12] Although there is much in common between biodrying and composting, the essential difference is the process goal. Composting aims at fully decomposing the biomass destroy pathogens and replace peat as a growing medium in horticulture.[13] Biodrying aims at removing water from biowastes with high water content using the heat generated during the aerobic degradation of organic substances, in addition to forced aeration.[14] The MC of the waste matrix is reduced through two main steps: (1) water molecules evaporate (i.e. change phase from liquid to gaseous) from the surface of waste fragments into the surrounding air and (2) the evaporated water is transported through the matrix by the airflow and removed with the exhaust gases.[15] Through aeration and turning of the matrix, mass transfer conditions are improved and water evaporation is enhanced.[16] Furthermore, there are other parameters controlling biodrying

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processes, such as type of waste, microorganisms, biomass temperature, water content, aeration and the presence of a bulking agent.[17] The process that was developed was effective as a volume reduction pretreatment process and also proved to be convenient for short-term storage and transportation of organic waste.[18] To reduce the greenhouse emissions, the European legislation encourages the prevention, recycling and recovery of energy from waste utilizing alternative technologies to fossil fuel combustion.[19] Recovery of energy from waste materials contributes to the preservation of natural resources, to decrease gas emissions such as methane and carbon dioxide and other environmental advantages.[11,20] In the case of biodrying, the refuse can be used as a source of energy, that is, fuel. Although there are many studies on composting there is very little in the literature on biostabilization or, especially, on biodrying.[21] Both the processes adopt an aeration of the mass of waste. Anyway, targets are different: in the case of biostabilization (long-time process) the aim is to obtain the highest conversion of organic carbon, while for biodrying (shorttime process) the aim is the exploitation of the exothermic reactions for the evaporation of most part of the humidity in the waste, with the lowest conversion of organic carbon.[22] Works of Adani et al. [23] have indicated that appropriate management of the processing parameters (airflow rate and biomass temperatures) could achieve biomass drying in very short times (8–9 days). This biomass can be very heterogeneous, such as sludge, MSW and harvest wastes.[17,23] Sugni et al. [21] studied the temperature and moisture gradients throughout the biodrying process at regular intervals in the course of the simulation of air flow inversion. They stated that the appropriate management of the process parameters (the rate of supplied air, the biomass temperature) can lead to a very short drying time. The investigations demonstrated that both lack of mixing and supplying the air from only one direction contribute to the appearance of temperature gradients, resulting in the lack of homogeneity in the moisture and energy content of the final product.[21,24] As reported by Frei et al. [25] and Roy et al. [26], the typical temperature range in the biodrying process is 15–55 °C, although temperatures of up to 65 °C have been observed. These bacteria are sensitive to the temperature of the matrix in which they grow. Too high temperatures kill mesophilic bacteria while favouring the growth of thermophiles.[25,26] To sum up, the biological drying system may provide some environmental and economic factors such as substantially reducing the amount of the waste going to landfill; significantly increasing the amount of waste being recycled by capturing; offering an alternative to mass burn

incineration and recovering energy from residual waste by producing a refuse-derived fuel (RDF) that can be used. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the different reductions of moisture and weight according to the airflow and temperature supplied in bio-reactors with MSW as a substrate. Moreover, the final product obtained after the biodrying process is the biodried material, which has more flammable values and can be treated in order to obtain RDF with a high calorific value, was analysed. In addition, the biodrying degradation of organic matter, during which a stable and easy-to-store biofuel is produced, is an important option for waste management.

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sample The MSWs used in this study were prepared to reflect the scope of Aksaray Province Solid Waste Landfill. Sampling was performed by different types of waste such as organic substance, paper, glass-bottle, plastic, carton, package and textile. This study was conducted by preparing MSW in the proportions and quantities shown in Table 1. It comprised 52.9% (w/w, in wet weight) of organic substance. A value of 52.9% organic fraction in MSW is a representative for almost all the urban areas in Aksaray. The initial water content was average 50%. Biodried waste was ground in a mill, so that particles could pass through a 200-mm sieve. Finally, 3 kg of the mixture was used as the experimental material. 2.2. Equipment The biological reactor (Figure 1), used for the runs at the Aksaray University, Environmental Department, is a 36-L reactor box with a condensate collection system. Pilot-scale vertical stainless-steel biodrying reactors were designed and built, each of 18 cm long, 18 cm wide and 36 cm high. To prevent gas entrapments, to increase the contact period of all wastes and air supplied from outside, Table 1. The % content and amount of prepared domestic wastes (wet basis). The initial content of solid waste

(%)

The mass of waste (kg)

Organic substance Paper Glass – bottle Tin box – metal Carton Plastic Package Textile Othera Total

52.9 12.31 4.38 2.89 2.06 12.47 1.76 6.5 4.65 99.9

1.58 0.37 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.38 0.05 0.198 0.14 3

a 100

g soil, 30 g plant and 10 g of cigarette butts.

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Environmental Technology the drying process was conducted with only 20.35 L part of the reactor. Constant in the reactor was operated at 20 rpm. The biodrying reactor made from steel was insulated with a 2-cm blanket of polyurethane foam to prevent heat losses. The level of the bed of wastes in the biodrying reactor was 15 cm. In order to strictly provide aerobic conditions, approximately 50 L/h airflow was supplied from the bottom of the reactor to the main storage with a compressor. The airflow rate was measured with a gas flow metere type 150 mm Meter with Check Valve (model P) with an accuracy of ± 0.0025 m3 /h. The airflow passed from the lower part and moved higher through the waste and triggered the biological reactions while taking air from the reactor’s top. Finally, the air passing through the system were collected in the balloon. Heat is provided to the reactor by supplying hot water through the aluminium tubes wrapped around the main store with the help of an SS-15 branded circulating water bath. The temperature within the reactor was measured with a digital thermometer placed on the cover of the reactor; temperature probes (model TC K) were used. The temperature of the wastes was measured with A.L. 26 472 type thermocouples with an accuracy of ± 0.5 °C, which was measured at 10:30 every day. Ambient air was heated to 25 °C in an air conditioner. When performing a run, the

Circulating water bath

adopted biodrying reactor is placed on an electronic balance (model electronic portable balance) for monitoring the waste mass loss during the biodrying process. The calorific value of the biodried material was determined using an IKA C 200 calorimeter, according to ISO 1928. 2.3. Biodrying experiments MSWs prepared according to the ratio given in Table 1 were placed in the reactor as shown in Figure 1. The reactor was operated at 20 rpm constantly. In addition, the study was studied at room temperature conditions (25 °C). Initial and final values of the solid waste for different studies are given in Table 2. The moisture analyses were performed for the MSW sample. The samples were weighed and then kept at 105 °C for 24 h in the oven. The samples were then reweighed to find the loss in weight. These experiments were analysed for 13 days. Electronic scales are placed under the reactor and the weight was measured at 10:30 every day. The reactor lid was opened when the weight did not change. Finally, volume and weight change were determined. Each study was conducted for 13 days.

Motor

Balloonn

Thermometre Thermometre

Water Jacket

Mixer

Control Board Air

Gas Meter Compressor Electronic Balance

Figure 1. Biodrying reactor. Table 2. Initial and final values of the solid waste for different studies. MC (%) Study conditions

Weight (kg)

pH

E.C (μs/cm) Salt (mg/kg)

Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final

30 °C temperature, approximately 50 L/h air 48.75 21.5 40 °C temperature, approximately 50 L/h air 50.00 19.0 50 °C temperature, approximately 50 L/h air 48.49 4.5

3.00 3.00 3.00

1.89 1.9 1.53

6.31 6.05 6.02

7.49 7.39 7.11

912 582 912

524 525 630

12.0 0.0 6.0

0.0 0.0 0.0

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Weight (kg)

At the end of the drying process, up to 1.90 kg of material was obtained. A reduction of 2 L volume was measured (Figure 2). During the drying process under a water jacket of 40 °C temperature and 50 L/h air, at the end of eight days period, 1 kg weight removal was obtained. After the 10th day, the amount of weight remained stable at 1.60 kg. At the end of 60 50 Weight loss, %

3.00 2.80 2.60 2.40 2.20 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00

40 30 20 10

Weight Contenct

0 Exp. 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Exp. 2 Different experimental conditions

Exp. 3

Figure 5. Weight loss percentage values in various experimental conditions at the end of 13 days (20 rpm, 50 L/h air, Exp. 1:30 °C, Exp. 2:40 °C, Exp. 3:50 °C).

Time (day)

35 30 Volume reduction, %

Weight (kg)

Figure 2. Under conditions of 30 °C temperature and approximately 50 L/h air, during the biodrying process.

3.00 2.80 2.60 2.40 2.20 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00

25 20 15 10 5 0 Exp. 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Time (day)

Figure 3. During the drying process under conditions of 40 °C temperature and 50 L/h air.

Exp. 2 Different experimental conditions

Exp. 3

Figure 6. Volume reduction percentage values in various experimental conditions at the end of 13 days (20 rpm, 50 L/h air, Exp. 1:30 °C, Exp. 2:40 °C, Exp. 3:50 °C) After 13 days drying the percentage volume reductions. 65 60

3.00 2.80 2.60 2.40 2.20 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00

Temperature (°C)

Weight (kg)

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3. Results and discussion 3.1. Effect of time on volume and weight removal The effect of time on the change of biowastes weight and MC was studied in three test series of the biodrying process carried out at stable airflow rates, stable ambient temperature but at different temperatures of the water jacket and stable spin speed supplied at the beginning of the process. Under a water jacket of 30 °C temperature and approximately 50 L/h air during the biodrying process, most weight removal was observed in the first seven days. On the 7th and 11th days, weight reduction changed decreasingly and beginning from the 13th day it remained stable.

Weight Concent

55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Time (day)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Time (day)

Figure 4. During the drying process under the conditions of 50 L/h air and 50 °C temperature.

Temperature of the water jacket

Reactor internal temperature

Municipal solid waste temperature

Ambient temperature

Figure 7. Temperature dynamics during the biodrying process (50 L/h air, temperature of the water jacket 30 °C).

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Effect of temperature on volume and weight removal In our study, to perform studies in different temperatures, the temperature was changed between 30 °C and 50 °C and their changes against time were examined. The temperature

60 55

Temperature (°C)

the drying process up to 1600 g of material was measured. A reduction of 4.64 L volume was measured (Figure 3). During the drying process under a water jacket of 50 L/h air and 50 °C temperature, the amount of weight was 3 kg and on the following days low reductions of weight was observed and it remained stable at 1.53 kg at the end of 13 days. A reduction of 5.22 L volume was measured (Figure 4). Although it is theoretically easy to perform, it was thought that mechanical mixing would decrease the duration. Typically, the duration of real scaled biodrying is 7–10 days. Using the studies carried out to confirm the effectiveness of the study process, measurements were taken during 13 days. The weight loss percentage of solid wastes at the end of the 13 days drying process is shown in Figure 5. After 13 days of biodrying, the weight reduction ratio of trial 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C temperatures was 37%, 36.6% and 49.16%, respectively, a behaviour that agrees with results in the literature.[3,27] For artificially prepared MSWs, different grain volume reduction processes are carried out. Owing to the fact that it was impossible to provide a full standard when preparing wastes, the initial sizes showed a difference. Therefore, the volume reduction percentages values are given in Figure 6. After 13 days of biodrying, the water removal ratios of the experiment at 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C temperatures was 12.82%, 31.76% and 32.65%, respectively. In all, 50 °C was selected as an optimal temperature of the biodrying process.

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Temperature of the water jacket

Reactor internal temperature

Municipal solid waste temperature

Ambient temperature

Figure 8. Temperature dynamics during the biodrying process (50 L/h air, temperature of the water jacket 40 °C).

65 60 55

63

62

60

61

60

58

57

55

58 55 52

50

51 50

45 40 35 30 25 20

24 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Temperature of the water jacket

Reactor internal temperature

Municipal solid waste temperature

Ambient temperature

Figure 9. Temperature dynamics during the biodrying process (50 L/h air, temperature of the water jacket 50 °C).

started to decrease immediately, showing that under these conditions the high aeration increased heat loss and prevented microbial activity. The changes in the reactor’s internal temperature, the temperature of the water jacket and MSW temperature during the drying time are shown in Figures 7–9.

Operational variables

Residence time

Input to the biodrying reactor

Biodrying losses (% v/v)

Aeration, temperature

12–30 days

> %50



[28]





[23]

4–6 days 4 days 16 days 20 days

Agricultural harvest and gardening waste Sludge, MSW and harvest wastes. Pulp and paper mill MSW MSW Garden waste

– – %40–60

> %45 – – %40–57

[24] [29] [3] [17]

14 days

MSW





[27]

13 days

MSW

32,65

49,16

This study

8–9 days

13

Time (day)

Table 3. Comparison of different process elements and parameters for biodrying processes.

Airflow rate and biomass temperatures Metabolic bioheat Hydrolytic-aerobic Waste particle size Aeration, temperature during the process, initial moisture of biowaste and temperature and relative humidity of the input air Mass temperature, airflow rate, retention time Temperature, day

13

Time (day)

Temperature (°C)

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Environmental Technology

Biodrying losses (% w/w) References

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As depicted in Figure 7, during the first eight days the MSW temperature evolution within the waste mass followed a significant increase, reaching 38 °C, after eight days, the temperature decreased and was not higher than 30 °C. As shown in Figure 8, after the initial filling of the reactor, a rapid average temperature increase occurred in reactors indicating microbial activity. The MSW temperature never surpassed 48 °C. After day 5, the microbial activity decreased. In Figure 9 the temperature dynamics during the first days of biodrying, in the core of the waste, the temperatures rises up to 50 °C and more, and this can affect the activity of the microorganisms. In this case the airflow cooled the waste mass. After five days, temperature decreased. In MSW, a maximum temperature of 63 °C on the fifth day for this study has been obtained. Various optimal temperature ranges have been reported in the literature, namely 50–70 °C.[11] It has been reported that some agricultural harvest,[28] sludge,[23] MSW,[23,27,29] garden waste [17] have been used as inputs to the biodrying reactor. Different process temperature and day parameters for biodrying processes (Table 3).

4. Conclusion In the 13-day studies, the most effective condition in terms of biological activity is the air given drying process. Under conditions when air was allowed into the biodrying reactor, the maximum value of both volume and weight reduction was 50 °C. For biological activity, the wastewater amount must be at least 20%. During the air given 13 days studies, considering moisture reduction, air is seen as an important parameter for biological activities beside mechanical effects. For the studies of cost analysis, air optimization must be carried out depending on the characteristics of air. The biodrying degradation of organic matter, during which a stable and easy-to-store biofuel is produced, is an important option for waste management. In the experiments on biodrying with heat generated due to bioreaction, about 32% decrease in volume and about 50% decrease in weight in the original mass of biowastes was obtained. The results obtained showed that the wastes from the biodrying process have more flammable values. After the biodrying process, 4680 kcal heat energy is obtained from a kilo of MSW. Dissemination of the biological drying system may provide some environmental and economic benefits such as: • substantially reducing the amount of the waste going to landfill; • significantly increasing the amount of waste being recycled by capturing; • offering an alternative to mass burn incineration;

• recovering energy from residual waste by producing an RDF that can be used. Establishing a biological drying plant in Aksaray will help to achieve the European Union targets about land filling with biological resolvable materials, recyclable materials and recycling energy, and to reduce the costs of waste collection. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Funding This work was supported by the TUBITAK [112Y381].

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Environmental Technology [14] Huiliñir C, Villegas M. Biodrying of pulp and paper secondary sludge: kinetics of volatile solids biodegradation. Bioresour Technol. 2014;157:206–213. [15] Velis CA, Longhurst PJ, Drew GH, Smith R, Pollard SJT. Biodrying for mechanical-biological treatment of wastes: a review of process science and engineering. Bioresour Technol. 2009;100(11):2747–2761. [16] Zhao L, Gu WM, He PJ, Shao LM. Effect of air-flow rate and turning frequency on bio-drying of dewatered sludge. Water Res. 2010;44:6144–6152. [17] Mendoza CFJ, Prats HL, Mart˘ınez FR, Izquierdo GA, Guzm˘an PAB. Effect of airflow on biodrying of gardening wastes in reactor. J Environ Sci. 2013;25(5):865–872. [18] He P, Zhao L, Zheng W, Wu D, Shao L. Energy balance of a biodrying process for organic wastes of high moisture content: a review. Dry Technol. 2013;31:132–145. [19] Boni MR, Sbaffoni S, Tuccinardi L. The influence of iron concentration on biohydrogen production from organic waste via anaerobic fermentation. Environ Technol. 2014;35(20):3000–3010. [20] Zawadzka A, Krzystek L, Stolarek P, Ledakowicz S. Autothermal biodrying of municipal solid waste with high moisture content. Chem Pap. 2010;64(2):265–268. [21] Sugni M, Calcaterra E, Adani F. Biostabilization – biodrying of municipal solid waste by inverting air – flow. Bioresour Technol. 2005;96:1331–1337. [22] Rada EC, Franzinelli A, Ragazzi M, Panaitescu V, Apostol T. MSW bio-drying and bio-stabilization: an experimental

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Biodrying for municipal solid waste: volume and weight reduction.

Biodrying is a variation of aerobic decomposition used for the mechanical-biological treatment organic substances to dry and partially stabilize resid...
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