http://dx.doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2015.36.6.273 • Korean J Fam Med 2015;36:273-277
Original Article eISSN: 2092-6715
Associations between Metabolic Syndrome and Inadequate Sleep Duration and Skipping Breakfast Nak-Hyun Kim, Dong Heon Shin, Hee-Tae Kim, Su Min Jeong, Su-Yeon Kim, Ki Young Son* Department of Family Medicine, Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
Background: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide, and previous studies have shown that inadequate sleep duration and skipping breakfast may be related to metabolic syndrome. Therefore, we investigated the effects of inadequate sleep and skipping breakfast on metabolic syndrome using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) IV & V reports (2007–2009 and 2010–2012, respectively). Methods: The sample included 12,999 subjects who participated in the KNHANES IV & V. Sleep duration and breakfast eating were self-reported, and metabolic syndrome was defined according to the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Subjects were divided into 12 groups according to breakfast eating and sleep duration patterns, and multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, household income, education level, smoking status, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and total daily energy intake were conducted. Results: In subjects under 50 years of age, sleeping less than 6 hours was significantly associated with increased metabolic syndrome except among those who ate breakfast on only 1 of the past 2 days. In subjects over 50 years of age, sleeping less than 6 hours was significantly associated with a decreased risk of metabolic syndrome among those who ate breakfast on both days. Conclusion: In conclusion, significant associations between metabolic syndrome and sleep duration were identified, and these associations differed according to age group. Keywords: Sleep; Breakfast; Metabolic Syndrome X
Received: February 28, 2015, Revised: October 21, 2015, Accepted: October 27, 2015 *Corresponding Author: Ki Young Son Tel: +82-2-2072-4039, Fax: +82-2-766-3276, E-mail: [email protected]
Copyright © 2015 The Korean Academy of Family Medicine This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
274 www.kjfm.or.kr
Nak-Hyun Kim, et al. • Sleep Duration, Skipping Breakfast and Metabolic Syndrome
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome is currently one of the most important health problems worldwide, owing to its association with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which can in turn lead to an increased risk of mortality.1,2) The number of people with metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide, a trend attributed to increasingly sedentary lifestyles and excessive daily caloric intake resulting from rapid socioeconomic growth.3) The age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome (as defined by the revised National Cholesterol Education Program [NCEP] criteria) for Korea adults participating in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was 31.3% in 2007.4) Several previous epidemiologic studies have shown that sleep duration may be an important risk factor for metabolic syndro me. For example, Choi et al.5) conducted a study using data from the KNHANES 2001, and reported a U-shaped association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome. In other words, both short (
Original Article eISSN: 2092-6715
Associations between Metabolic Syndrome and Inadequate Sleep Duration and Skipping Breakfast Nak-Hyun Kim, Dong Heon Shin, Hee-Tae Kim, Su Min Jeong, Su-Yeon Kim, Ki Young Son* Department of Family Medicine, Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
Background: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide, and previous studies have shown that inadequate sleep duration and skipping breakfast may be related to metabolic syndrome. Therefore, we investigated the effects of inadequate sleep and skipping breakfast on metabolic syndrome using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) IV & V reports (2007–2009 and 2010–2012, respectively). Methods: The sample included 12,999 subjects who participated in the KNHANES IV & V. Sleep duration and breakfast eating were self-reported, and metabolic syndrome was defined according to the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Subjects were divided into 12 groups according to breakfast eating and sleep duration patterns, and multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, household income, education level, smoking status, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and total daily energy intake were conducted. Results: In subjects under 50 years of age, sleeping less than 6 hours was significantly associated with increased metabolic syndrome except among those who ate breakfast on only 1 of the past 2 days. In subjects over 50 years of age, sleeping less than 6 hours was significantly associated with a decreased risk of metabolic syndrome among those who ate breakfast on both days. Conclusion: In conclusion, significant associations between metabolic syndrome and sleep duration were identified, and these associations differed according to age group. Keywords: Sleep; Breakfast; Metabolic Syndrome X
Received: February 28, 2015, Revised: October 21, 2015, Accepted: October 27, 2015 *Corresponding Author: Ki Young Son Tel: +82-2-2072-4039, Fax: +82-2-766-3276, E-mail: [email protected]
Copyright © 2015 The Korean Academy of Family Medicine This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
274 www.kjfm.or.kr
Nak-Hyun Kim, et al. • Sleep Duration, Skipping Breakfast and Metabolic Syndrome
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome is currently one of the most important health problems worldwide, owing to its association with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which can in turn lead to an increased risk of mortality.1,2) The number of people with metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide, a trend attributed to increasingly sedentary lifestyles and excessive daily caloric intake resulting from rapid socioeconomic growth.3) The age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome (as defined by the revised National Cholesterol Education Program [NCEP] criteria) for Korea adults participating in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was 31.3% in 2007.4) Several previous epidemiologic studies have shown that sleep duration may be an important risk factor for metabolic syndro me. For example, Choi et al.5) conducted a study using data from the KNHANES 2001, and reported a U-shaped association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome. In other words, both short (
