Research Note Assessment of enzyme supplementation on growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility in diets containing undecorticated sunflower seed meal in layer chicks A. O. Fafiolu,∗,1 O. O. Oduguwa,∗ A. V. Jegede,∗ C. C. Tukura,∗,‡ I. D. Olarotimi,∗ A. A. Teniola,∗,† and J. O. Alabi∗ ∗

ABSTRACT Six hundred and forty one-day-old layer chicks were used to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with undecorticated sunflower seed meal protein for protein at 0, 25, 50, and 75% levels. Diets were without enzyme supplementation or with enzyme supplementation with four replications of twenty birds. Growth performance and nutrient utilization were determined. Proximate composition of the undecorticated sunflower seed meal used revealed that undecorticated sunflower seed meal contained 925.9, 204.5, 336.2, 215.1, 52.0 and 192.2g/kg dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, ash and soluble carbohydrates, respectively. Results showed that the final weight of 484.4g/bird was obtained for birds on 75% undecorticated sunflower seed meal diet, while the lowest value of 472.2g/bird was obtained for birds on 25% undecorticated sunflower seed meal diet. Weight gain per bird per day was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected as the level of undecorticated sunflower seed meal increased in the diets. Feed intake per bird per day increased (P < 0.05) across the treatment as a result of increased undecorticated sunflower seed meal inclusion in the diet. However, enzyme supplementation of the diets showed marked (P < 0.05) improve-

ments in feed intake, weight gain, and final weight as well as the feed to gain ratio. Survivability was not affected by the treatments imposed. Dry matter digestibility were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced due to high undecorticated sunflower seed meal inclusion in the diet while crude protein digestibility progressively reduced (P < 0.05) as the level of undecorticated sunflower seed meal increased in the diet. Ash digestibility values were, however, increased (P < 0.05) as the level of undecorticated sunflower seed meal increased in the diets. Birds on enzyme-supplemented diets consistently showed superior (P < 0.05) digestibility values than those on diets without enzyme supplementation. However ether extract digestibility was not affected by enzyme supplementation. The results indicated that higher inclusion levels of undecorticated sunflower seed meal in the diets of layer chicks showed a similar body weight gain/bird/day with the control. Undecorticated sunflower seed meal used in this study is a good source of crude protein, ether extract, and amino acids and had the potential to serve as feeding stuffs as replacement for soybeans. The nutritive value of undecorticated sunflower seed meal was improved for layer chicks with exogenous enzyme supplementation.

Key words: enzyme supplementation, nutrient utilization, layer chicks, undecorticated sunflower seed meal 2015 Poultry Science 94:1917–1922 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev136

INTRODUCTION The recent feed energy crisis as a result of high prices has raised global awareness for alternative sources of  C 2015 Poultry Science Association Inc. Received December 29, 2014. Accepted March 30, 2015. 1 Corresponding author: [email protected], fafioluao@funaab. edu.ng

energy and protein for poultry. Increases in the production of these alternatives may invariably force down the prices of the energy and/or protein contributing feed ingredients (for example maize, soybean, etc.). Several alternatives have been identified, some of which include copra meal, rapeseed meal, and sunflower meal to mention a few. Only sunflower meal has a very close chemical composition to soybean meal as a more conventional protein source in animal feed (Smith, 1968;

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College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Department of Animal Nutrition, World Bank Centre of Excellence in Agricultural Development and Sustainable Environment, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; † Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan. Oyo State; and ‡ National Universities Commission, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria

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MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Facility and Layer Chicks Husbandry The study protocol was conducted in accordance with the Animal Care and Use Review Committee guidelines of the College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. A 12 h day and dark period existed throughout the experimental period. All the birds received intraocular, infectious bursal disease, and Lasota vaccines. Other regular medications were strictly adhered to throughout the duration of the study. After transportation from the hatchery (University of Agriculture, Abeokuta – Leventis Agro Allied Industries Ltd) to the research unit (Poultry unit of Teaching and Research Farms, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria), the chicks were assigned to floor pens. Each floor pen was equipped with fountain drinkers and flat feeding trays. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The birds were placed on a litter of softwood shavings. The

Table 1. Composition of experimental diets fed layer chicks (0 to 10 wk) (g/kg). Levels of SBM replaced by USFM Ingredient

0

25

50

75

Maize Fish meal (72%CP)1 Soybean meal (44%CP) 1 Sunflower meal (20.45%CP) 1 Groundnut cake (45%CP) 1 Wheat offal2 Bone meal Oyster shell L-Lysine-HCl3 DL-Methionine4 ∗ Premix Sodium Chloride Total Nutrient analysis (DM basis) Metabolizable Energy (MJ/kg) Crude protein Ether extract Crude fibre Calcium Av. Phosphorus Lysine Methionine Methionine + Cystine Threonine Tryptophan

530.0 40.0 180.0 120.0 69.0 30.0 20.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 1000.0

465.0 40.0 45.0 90.0 200.0 99.0 30.0 20.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 1000.0

380.0 40.0 90.0 178.0 132.0 119.0 30.0 20.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 1000.0

290.0 40.0 135.0 264.0 20.0 190.0 30.0 20.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 1000.0

11.7 217.4 40.2 31.9 16.9 5.80 6.80 3.81 5.82 5.90 1.90

11.9 213.2 43.4 34.6 18.0 5.90 6.70 3.62 5.71 5.90 1.95

11.9 218.5 41.5 47.3 19.3 6.30 6.60 3.61 5.55 5.90 1.97

11.9 217.4 39.1 52.4 20.4 6.60 6.40 3.50 5.23 5.82 2.0

∗ Premix used supplied the following per kg diet. Vit. A: 6000IU, vit E: 40000IU, vit. K3 : 800mg, vit. B1 : 2000mg, vit. B2 : 6000mg, vit. B6 : 5000mg, vit. B12 : 25mg, Niacin:80000mg, Pantothenic Acid: 20000mg, Folic Acid: 200mg, Biotin: 8mg, Manganese: 300000mg, Iron: 80000mg, Zinc: 8000mg, Copper: Nil, cobalt: 80mg, Iodine: 400mg, Selenium: 40mg, Choline: 800000mg BTH: 25,000,mg Anticaking agent: 6,000mg. 1 Values in parentheses are CPcontent (N x 6.25). 2 Honeywell Plc. 3 Ajinomoto Eurolysine S.A.S, Amiens, France, 780 g/kg of lysine. 4 R Evonik Degussa Gmbh, Essen, Germany, 990 g/kg MetAMINO, of methionine.

feeding trial involved the use of six hundred and forty R day-old layer chicks and the experiment Yaffa brown lasted for ten wk.

Undecorticated Sunflower Seed Meal The test ingredient USFM was sourced from the Nigeria Sunflower and Oil Seed Association. After harvest, USFM was sun dried until constant weight and thereafter milled and kept until ready for incorporation into formulated diets.

Experimental Design and Diets The enzyme preparation was added to all the diets alongside the micro-ingredients to ensure maximum influence on the feed ingredients. A total of 640 day-old layer chicks were randomly assigned to each of the eight dietary treatments (Table 1). The diets were in accordance with NRC, 1994 nutrient requirements. The experiment was arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement within a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were formulated given that the protein

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Tsuzuki et al. 2003). However, of major concern are the earlier works of Nowland et al. (1981) and Adeniji and Ogunmodede (2006) who reported that the nature and the content of sunflower seed fibre impose limitations on the utilization of its nutrients. Advances in the field of nutrition have made it possible for improvement in the utilization of lesserknown feedstuffs. One of these advances is the use of enzyme technology, which can ameliorate the negative effects of dietary nonstarch polysaccharides in high fiber feed stuffs. RovabioTM (RVB) is a concentrated multi-enzyme (multi-enzyme complexes are stable assemblies of more than one enzyme, generally involved in sequential catalytic transformation) made from the same organism and fermentation process. It contains xylanase and β -glucanase made from a fermentation broth of Penicillium fumiculosum. It was suggested by the manufacturer (Adisseo Ltd, Rue Marcel Lingot, France) that the commercial blend could improve energy metabolism up to 6% and enhance protein utilization up to 2%. Cowieson et al. (2006b) observed the nutrient metabolism of broilers fed corn and soybean meal diets was increased by a combination of xylanase, amylase, protease, and phytase. Most studies (Bergh et al., 1999, Cowieson et al., 2006a, Oduguwa et al., 2007) conducted have been done with specific enzymes of maize or soybean. As a result of limited published studies evaluating the effect of multi-enzyme preparation on undecorticated sunflower seed meal (USFM) using starting layer chicks, this study was conducted to assess the combined effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with USFM and supplementing the resultant diets with or without commercial enzyme RovabioTM on growth and apparent nutrient utilization for starting layer chicks.

ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION OF UNDECORTICATED SUNFLOWER SEED MEAL FOR LAYER CHICKS

supplied by soybean meal in the control diet (without USFM) was taken to be 100%. In the other diets, USFM replaced SBM at 25, 50, and 75% (protein for protein). Diets were of two groups, with or without exogenous enzyme supplementation. Each treatment had four replications with twenty birds. The diets were presented to the birds in mash form.

Traits Measured

Digestibility Study At the expiration of the ten wk, four birds from each replicate were selected and placed in clean, disinfected, and steel frame metabolic cages equipped with a grid floor and collector tray. Three d of the acclimatization period were allowed prior to the commencement of total excreta collection. A known weight (more than enough) of feed was given to each treatment group daily while the total excreta collection was done daily for a period of three d. The daily excreta samples for each replicate was weighed, dried, and the cumulative samples pooled and used to determine the proximate composition according to AOAC (2000).

Chemical Analyses Diets, excreta samples, and USFM were analyzed using the standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC International, 2000). Moisture content as dry matter (DM, AOAC, 2000; 930.15), crude protein (CP, AOAC, 2000; 990;03), ether extract (EE, AOAC, 2000; 954.02), crude fibre (CF, AOAC, 2000; 978.10), crude ash (CA, AOAC, 2000; 942.05) and soluble carbohydrate (SC) of samples was determined in four replications after samples were ground. Soluble carbohydrate determination was calculated from the formula SC = 100 − (CF + EE + CP + CA + moisture). Gross energy of samples was determined using the adiabatic bomb calorimeter model CAL 2K. Amino acid analysis was undertaken using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Protein in USFM samples was hydrolyzed (6 M hydrochloric acid) in sealed tubes at 110◦ C for 24 h. The resulting hydrolysate was diluted and filtered. Five milliliters of filtrate was taken along with a 0.5ml internal standard solution into a 50 ml quick fit round bottom flask and dried at 65◦ C under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in 2.5 ml glacial acetic acid, transferred to

a 20ml polythene bottle, and analyzed by HPLC. Subsequent to acid hydrolysis and pre-column derivatisation using ortho-phthaldialdehyde (OPA), HPLC was completed using a Dionex ASI-100 autosampler fitted with a Dionex P580 pump and a Dionex RF-2000 detector (Germering, Germany). The flow rate used was 1 ml/min and the column used was a Spherisorb ODS2 150 × 4.6 mm fitted with a Waters guard cartridge (Milford, USA). Analysis of amino acids were determined at Eurofins Food Testing (Wolverhampton, UK) and analysis followed EC directives 2000/45/EC for tryptophan (OJEC, 2000) and EC/98/64 (L 257/16) for the rest of the amino acids (OJEC, 1998).

Calculations Values obtained were used to calculate the apparent digestibility of the DM, CP, EE, CF, CA, and SC. Soluble carbohydrate determination was calculated from the formula SC = 100 − (CF + EE + CP + CA + moisture). Samples were placed in a hot dry oven (105◦ C) for 16 h for DM determination. CP determination followed the micro-Kjeldahl procedure and using 6.25 to convert nitrogen into CP. Soxhlet extraction apparatus with petroleum ether was used for EE determination. All the procedures were outlined in AOAC International (2000). Apparent nutrient digestibility (AND) coefficient of proximate fractions were estimated using the formula AND (%) = [(aNC − aNE)/NC] × 100, where aNC = amount of nutrient consumed and aNE = amount of nutrient excreted. Nutrient consumption and excretion were properly monitored in order to determine the amount of nutrient in feed and excreta, and this was done by measuring the amount of feed given and total leftover. Total excreta collection was thus measured for the entire period. The following formula was used to estimate the amount of nutrient consumed: aNC = TFC × aNFA, where TFC = total feed consumed during the period of study and aNFA = amount of nutrient in the feed analyzed. In the same vein, the amount of nutrient excreted was obtained from the formula aNE = TPEx × aNEx, where TPEx = total excreta produced during study period and aNEx amount of nutrient analyzed

Statistical Analysis Data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS (1999). Statistical significance was set at confidence level greater than, or equal to 95%.

RESULTS Proximate and amino acids composition of USFM are presented in Table 2. Results indicated that USFM contained 925.9, 204.5, 336.2, 215.1, 52.0, and 192.2g/kg dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre,

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The following growth data were evaluated: body weight, feed intake, and feed to gain. The birds were weighed on the first day of the experiment and thereafter on a weekly basis throughout the study period. Fresh feed was made available daily and the remaining feed was weighed at the end of the week to calculate feed to gain. Mortality was collected daily and feed intake was corrected for mortality to adjust feed to gain.

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Nutrients

Concentration (g/kg)

Dry matter Crude Protein Ether extract Crude fibre Ash Soluble Carbohydrates Indispensable amino acids Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine Dispensable amino acids Alanine Aspartic acid Cysteine Glutamic acid Glycine Proline Serine Tyrosine

925.9 204.5 336.2 215.1 52.0 192.2 10.1 2.8 6.4 8.9 3.9 1.6 6.2 3.7 0.9 7.7 5.6 12.4 ND 28.1 6.8 ND 3.7 2.4

DISCUSSION Results from the study (Table 2) indicated that the test ingredient is a good source of crude protein with a relatively high crude fibre content and ether extract. This value of crude fibre is in congruence with that

Analyzed values are mean of four replicates.

Table 3. Main effect of undecorticated sunflower, enzyme and interaction between enzyme and undecorticated sunflower seed meal on apparent nutrient digestibility of layer chicks fed undecorticated sunflower seed meal-based diets (%). Levels of SBM replaced by USFM Parameters Dry matter Crude protein Crude Fiber Ether Extract Ash

0

25 a

87.36 68.11a 69.61a 76.61a 62.89d

50 a

87.48 67.46b 66.49b 75.38b 64.05c

75 a

87.24 66.25c 62.79c 66.44c 66.36b

Enzyme SEM

b

83.30 64.78d 60.75d 62.94d 70.34a

0.74 0.82 0.81 0.90 0.71



+ b

a

84.96 64.91b 60.22b 70.55 63.53b

87.73 68.39a 69.59a 70.13 68.29a

SEM

USFM × E

0.52 0.58 0.57 0.64 0.50

NS NS NS NS ∗∗

a–d Means on the same row having different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). SEM: Standard Error of Means. NS: Not significant (P > 0.05). ∗∗: Significant (P < 0.05).

Table 4. Main effect of sunflowers, enzyme, and interaction between enzyme and undecorticated sunflower seed meal on performance of layer chicks fed undecorticated sunflower seed meal-based diets. Levels of SBM replaced by USFM

Enzyme

Parameters

0

25

50

75

SEM



+

SEM

USFM × E

Initial Weight (g) Feed intake/b/d(g) Final Weight (g) Weight gain/b/d(g) Feed: Gain Survivability (%)

32.74 43.65c 476.36 6.34 7.26 100.00

32.77 49.43b 472.20 6.28 7.61 100.00

32.74 49.82b 472.45 6.28 7.69 100.00

32.72 54.96a 484.41 6.45 8.32 95.00

0.02 1.07 2.76 0.03 0.33 0.03

32.71 54.22a 472.25b 6.27b 8.62a 97.5

32.78 44.70b 480.46a 6.39a 6.81b 100.00

0.02 0.75 1.95 0.02 0.23 0.62

NS NS NS NS ∗∗ NS

Means on the same row having different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). SEM: Standard Error of Means. NS: Not significant (P > 0.05). ∗∗: Significant (P < 0.05). a–c

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ash, and soluble carbohydrates, respectively. Amino acid composition of USFM used in this study showed that, among indispensable amino acids, arginine had the highest concentration followed by leucine and valine with 10.12, 8.97, and 7.73 (g/kg), respectively. Tryptophan and methionine are the most limiting amino acids in USFM. The starting layer chicks fed USFM diets had significant (P > 0.05) reduction in dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, and ether extract digestibilities (Table 3). Enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the digestibility of the proximate constituents except for ether extract digestibility. A final weight of 484.41g was obtained for birds fed diets in which SBM was replaced by 75% USFM, while the lowest value of 472.20g was obtained for their counterparts that received 25% USFM diet. Weight gain was slightly higher for birds on the 75% USFM diet, though no statistical (P > 0.05) difference was obtained among the treatments. Feed intake values were increased at high USFM inclusion (Table 4).

Table 2. Chemical composition and amino acid content of undecorticated sunflower seed meal.

ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION OF UNDECORTICATED SUNFLOWER SEED MEAL FOR LAYER CHICKS

bitter taste of the test ingredient. However, birds on the USFM diets had a higher feed to gain ratio, which is a pointer to poor feed utilization. The observed trend was also noticed when broilers were offered the same diets (Fafiolu et al., 2009). However, enzyme supplementation of the diets showed marked improvements in feed intake, weight gain, and final weight as well as the feed to gain ratio. Mortality/survivability was not affected by enzyme supplementation. Enzyme supplementation enhanced the utilization of the feed by the birds. The improvement noticed in this present experiment might be as a result of improvement in the utilization of the USFM diet as a result of enzyme addition. This may have been due to increased solubility and digestibility of the NSPs present in USFM. Many reports have indicated significant improvement of the nutritive value of cereal grains such as wheat, barley, oats, and rye by enzyme addition (Irish and Balnave, 1983; Bishavi and McGinnes, 1984; Choct and Annison, 1990, 1992; Friesen et al., 1992). Enzyme supplementation used here conferred beneficial improvement status on the test ingredients. Significant interactions between dietary USFM levels and enzyme supplementation were noted for feed intake and feed to gain ratio in the experimental birds. These interactions may suggest that enzyme supplementation was more effective when the layer chicks were offered a 75% enzyme-supplemented USFM diet unlike noticed in broilers (Fafiolu et al., 2009). These results indicate a synergistic effect for enzyme at higher levels of USFM in relation to feed intake and feed to gain of the starting layer chicks since such a response is probably related to improved energy release by the enzyme used. In conclusion, USFM used in this current study is a good source of crude protein, ether extract, and amino acids with appreciable content of crude fiber and has the potential to serve as feedstuffs to replace soybeans. The nutritive value of USFM can be improved for layer chicks with exogenous multi-enzyme supplementation, therefore, allowing USFM the capacity to replace a high proportion of soybean in the layer chicks’ diet.

Conflict of Interest The authors of this publication received support from the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, World Bank Centre of Excellence in Agricultural Development and Sustainable Environment (CEADESE) and the National Universities Commission (NUC) Nigeria. No conflict of interest was identified for management based on the overall scope of the work. The terms of the arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria in accordance with its policy on objectivity in research.

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obtained by Villamide and San Juan (1998) who reported that the fibre fraction in sunflower meal ranged between 14 to 30%. Although the lysine content of sunflower seed meal is quite appreciable, the result obtained in this study including that of methionine and tryptophan being the most limiting underscores many studies that have reported that the three most limiting amino acids in oil seed cakes are methionine, tryptophan, and lysine. The reduced digestibility of the various proximate fractions in USFM diets (Table 3) is a pointer to the fact that the diets may not have met the requirements of the birds for these essential nutrients. Undecorticated sunflower seed meal contains large amounts of cell wall polysaccharides/fibers (Kalmendal et al., 2011); this may have interfered with other nutrients in the resulting diets and these interferences may have resulted in reduced digestibility of proximate constituents under the present experiment. Ash digestibility however, increased significantly across the treatments, the elevated ash level suggests that more minerals are available to the birds. None of the birds showed any mineral deficiency symptoms throughout the experimental period, Slominski and Campbell (1990) reported that dietary enzyme supplementation of Canola meal baseddiet improved utilization of non-starch polysaccharides in poultry chickens. Similarly, addition of enzyme in this present study led to significant improvement in digestibility of crude protein, crude fiber, and ash. There was a significant interaction effect of USFM by enzyme on the ether extract digestibility in which the birds fed on 0 and 25% USFM diets without enzyme supplementation gave the best values. The enzyme used may not have affected the ether extract digestibility since the literature has confirmed only its activity against NSPs, not fat. Furthermore, a look at the profile of the activity according to the manufacturer’s details suggests that the enzyme contains xylanases, β -glucanase, cellulases, pectinase, and proteases. The preparation does not contain lipase, hence its lack of effect on the ether extract digestibility. Feed intake values were higher at elevated USFM levels. The fibrous nature of the test material may have been responsible for the significantly high feed intake. The body weight of birds on the 75% USFM diet did not decrease but was actually increased numerically because the birds had to consume appreciably more feed to gain 1 kg of body weight. Burrows et al. (1982) and Jorgensen et al. (1996) had reported that increasing fiber concentration caused increased fecal bulk and weight and decreased digestibility of all nutrients. It has been widely reported that increased dietary fiber in feed lowers the energy of metabolism, if the likely lowered metabolized energy was to be responsible, chicks during the starter phase were expected to consume more to make up for the lower energy. But the diets offered were formulated to be isocaloric and isoproteinous. Because of the increase in the amount of feed intake, there were no suspected complications of

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REFERENCES

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AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC. Adeniji, C. A., and B. K. Ogunmodede. 2006. Growth, nutrient retention and serum metabolites in broiler chickens fed high hulled sunflower seed cake. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 33(2):222–229. Bergh, M. O., A. Razan, and P. Aman. 1999. Nutritional influence of broiler chickens diets based on covered normal, waxy and high amylase barleys with or without enzyme supplementation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 78:215–226. Bishavi, K. O., and L. McGinnes. 1984. Studies on the action in depressing the growth of chicks. British Poultry Science 25:519– 528. Burrows, C. F., D. S. Kronfeld, C. A. Banta, and A. M. Merritt. 1982. Effect of dietary fibre digestibility and transits time in dogs. Journal of Nutrition 12:1726–1732. Choct, M., and G. Annison. 1990. Anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans in broiler diets. British Poultry Science 31:811–821. Choct, M., and G. Annison. 1992. The inhibition of nutrient digestion by wheat pentosans. British Journal of Nutrition 76: 123–132. Cowieson, A. J., T. Acamovic, and M. R. Bedford. 2006a. Phytic acid and phytase implications for protein utilization by poultry. Poultry Science 85:878–885. Cowieson, A. J., T. Acamovic, and M. K. Bedford. 2006b. Supplementation of corn-soy-based diets with high concentrations of an Escherichia coli derived phytase: Effect on broiler chick, performance and the digestibility of amino acids, minerals and energy. Poult. Sci. 85:1389–1397. Fafiolu, A. O., O. O. Oduguwa, A. M. Bamgbose, A. O. Fanimo, A. V. Jegede, and O. M. O. Idowu. 2009. Enzyme (Rovabio) in diets containing undecorticated sunflower seed meal for broiler starter. British Poultry Abstracts 3(1):4–5. Friesen, O. D., W. Guenter, R. R. Marguardt, and B. A. Rotter. 1992. Effect of enzyme supplementation on the apparent metabolizable and nutrient digestibilities of wheat, barley, oats and rye in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 71(10):171–176. Irish, G. G., and D. Balnave. 1983. Non-starch polysaccharides and broiler performance in diets containing soybean meal as the sole protein concentrate. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44:1483–1499.

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Assessment of enzyme supplementation on growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility in diets containing undecorticated sunflower seed meal in layer chicks.

Six hundred and forty one-day-old layer chicks were used to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with undecorticated sunflower seed meal p...
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