INTRODUCTION
European Journal of Heart Failure (2015) 17, 347 doi:10.1002/ejhf.263
April 2015 at a glance Marco Metra Two aspects caught my attention in this month’s issue: the changing perspective regarding the role of alcohol and cardiovascular diseases, and the complex interaction between biomarkers and mechanisms of heart failure (HF).
Insights from epidemiology: alcohol and heart failure Larsson et al. present a meta-analysis of eight prospective studies of HF risk associated with drinking alcohol.1 The analysis shows a non-linear relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of HF, with a reduced risk with moderate alcohol consumption corresponding to a 17% lower risk of HF with seven drinks per week. Although the authors state that it is ‘unwise that physicians recommend light to moderate drinking to their patients’, Arthur L. Klatsky concludes his editorial stating that although ‘all persons should avoid heavy drinking and many persons should avoid all alcohol. Many middle-aged and older persons at risk of CAD or HF should be told that he or she is better off as a light to moderate drinker’.2
From plasma assays to pathophysiology: what biomarkers can tell us and what they can’t Wong et al.3 and Watson et al.4 studied the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) for the diagnosis of HF and to differentiate between HF with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Wong et al. identified 12 mRNAs that were different in patients with HF, compared with normal subjects, and 4 miRNAs which differentiated patients with HFpEF and HFrEF.3 Five miRNAs differentiated patients with HFpEF and HFrEF in the second study.4 These are among the first studies showing differences in miRNAs levels between patients with HFpEF and HFrEF.5 They support the hypothesis that HFpEF and HFrEF are two distinct diseases and indicate mechanisms which can be targeted by specific treatments.6 An even tighter interaction between plasma assays and mechanisms of disease is shown by the study regarding Chagas cardiomyopathy.7 The relative roles of autoimmunity and of parasite persistence are unsettled in this disease. In the study of Sabino et al., Trypanosoma cruzi DNA was measured in a large cohort of seropositive subjects identified more than a decade ago, compared with a control group and with a group of patients with clinical
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Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
© 2015 The Authors European Journal of Heart Failure © 2015 European Society of Cardiology
Chagas cardiomyopathy. Trypanosoma cruzi parasitaemia persisted for more than a decade in two-thirds of the seropositive subjects, and parasite concentrations were associated with the presence and severity of Chagas cardiomyopathy, suggesting a direct role for parasite persistence in disease pathogenesis.7,8 A further study suggests caution with respect of the use of one biomarker, namely galectin-3, as specific for the measurement of fibrosis and the diagnosis of HFpEF, two conditions with which it has been tightly associated.9 Galectin-3 was related to fibrosis in tissue samples from endomyocardial biopsies in 39 HF patients, and plasma levels of galectin-3 were related to serum levels of markers of collagen production, C-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PICP) and N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III (PIIINP), in 220 HF patients.10 All these measurements were significantly increased in patients with HF, compared with controls. However, neither myocardial nor plasma levels of galectin-3 were correlated with myocardial fibrosis or with plasma levels of the other markers of collagen production, and no difference in galectin-3 was found between patients with HFrEF and HFpEF.10
References 1. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Alcohol consumption and risk of heart failure: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:367–373. 2. Klatsky AL. Alcohol drinking and heart failure: where do we stand? Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:348–350. 3. Wong LL, Armugam A, Sepramaniam S, Karolina DS, Lim KY, Lim JY, Chong JP, Ng JY, Chen YT, Chan MM, Chen Z, Yeo PS, Ng TP, Ling LH, Sim D, Leong KT, Ong HY, Jaufeerally F, Wong R, Chai P, Low AF, Lam CS, Jeyaseelan K, Richards AM. Circulating microRNAs in heart failure with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:393–404. 4. Watson CJ GS, O’Connell E, Thum S, Glezeva N, Fendrich J, Gallagher J, Ledwidge M, McDonald K, Grote-Levi L, Thum T. MicroRNA signatures differentiate preserved from reduced ejection fraction heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:405–415. 5. Ellis KL, Cameron VA, Troughton RW, Frampton CM, Ellmers LJ, Richards AM. Circulating microRNAs as candidate markers to distinguish heart failure in breathless patients. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:1138–1147. 6. Schmitter D VA, van der Harst P. HFpEF versus HFrEF: can microRNAs advance the diagnosis? Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:351–354. 7. Sabino EC, Ribeiro AL, Lee TH, Oliveira CL, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Antunes AP, Menezes MM, Ianni BM, Salemi VM, Nastari L, Fernandes F, Sachdev V, Carrick DM, Deng X, Wright D, Gonçalez TT, Murphy EL, Custer B, Busch MP, for the Chagas Study Group of the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study-II (REDS-II), International Component. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood by PCR is associated with Chagas cardiomyopathy and disease severity. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:416–423. 8. Westenbrink BD, Kingma JH. Chagas, a cardiomyopathy emerging from obscurity. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:355–357. 9. de Boer RA, Edelmann F, Cohen-Solal A, Mamas MA, Maisel A, Pieske B. Galectin-3 in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:1095–1101. 10. Lopez B, Gonzalez A, Querejeta R, Zubillaga E, Larman M, Diez J. Galectin-3 and histological, molecular, and biochemical aspects of myocardial fibrosis in heart failure of hypertensive origin. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:385–392.
Copyright of European Journal of Heart Failure is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
European Journal of Heart Failure (2015) 17, 347 doi:10.1002/ejhf.263
April 2015 at a glance Marco Metra Two aspects caught my attention in this month’s issue: the changing perspective regarding the role of alcohol and cardiovascular diseases, and the complex interaction between biomarkers and mechanisms of heart failure (HF).
Insights from epidemiology: alcohol and heart failure Larsson et al. present a meta-analysis of eight prospective studies of HF risk associated with drinking alcohol.1 The analysis shows a non-linear relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of HF, with a reduced risk with moderate alcohol consumption corresponding to a 17% lower risk of HF with seven drinks per week. Although the authors state that it is ‘unwise that physicians recommend light to moderate drinking to their patients’, Arthur L. Klatsky concludes his editorial stating that although ‘all persons should avoid heavy drinking and many persons should avoid all alcohol. Many middle-aged and older persons at risk of CAD or HF should be told that he or she is better off as a light to moderate drinker’.2
From plasma assays to pathophysiology: what biomarkers can tell us and what they can’t Wong et al.3 and Watson et al.4 studied the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) for the diagnosis of HF and to differentiate between HF with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Wong et al. identified 12 mRNAs that were different in patients with HF, compared with normal subjects, and 4 miRNAs which differentiated patients with HFpEF and HFrEF.3 Five miRNAs differentiated patients with HFpEF and HFrEF in the second study.4 These are among the first studies showing differences in miRNAs levels between patients with HFpEF and HFrEF.5 They support the hypothesis that HFpEF and HFrEF are two distinct diseases and indicate mechanisms which can be targeted by specific treatments.6 An even tighter interaction between plasma assays and mechanisms of disease is shown by the study regarding Chagas cardiomyopathy.7 The relative roles of autoimmunity and of parasite persistence are unsettled in this disease. In the study of Sabino et al., Trypanosoma cruzi DNA was measured in a large cohort of seropositive subjects identified more than a decade ago, compared with a control group and with a group of patients with clinical
.............................................................................................................................................
Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
© 2015 The Authors European Journal of Heart Failure © 2015 European Society of Cardiology
Chagas cardiomyopathy. Trypanosoma cruzi parasitaemia persisted for more than a decade in two-thirds of the seropositive subjects, and parasite concentrations were associated with the presence and severity of Chagas cardiomyopathy, suggesting a direct role for parasite persistence in disease pathogenesis.7,8 A further study suggests caution with respect of the use of one biomarker, namely galectin-3, as specific for the measurement of fibrosis and the diagnosis of HFpEF, two conditions with which it has been tightly associated.9 Galectin-3 was related to fibrosis in tissue samples from endomyocardial biopsies in 39 HF patients, and plasma levels of galectin-3 were related to serum levels of markers of collagen production, C-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PICP) and N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III (PIIINP), in 220 HF patients.10 All these measurements were significantly increased in patients with HF, compared with controls. However, neither myocardial nor plasma levels of galectin-3 were correlated with myocardial fibrosis or with plasma levels of the other markers of collagen production, and no difference in galectin-3 was found between patients with HFrEF and HFpEF.10
References 1. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Alcohol consumption and risk of heart failure: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:367–373. 2. Klatsky AL. Alcohol drinking and heart failure: where do we stand? Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:348–350. 3. Wong LL, Armugam A, Sepramaniam S, Karolina DS, Lim KY, Lim JY, Chong JP, Ng JY, Chen YT, Chan MM, Chen Z, Yeo PS, Ng TP, Ling LH, Sim D, Leong KT, Ong HY, Jaufeerally F, Wong R, Chai P, Low AF, Lam CS, Jeyaseelan K, Richards AM. Circulating microRNAs in heart failure with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:393–404. 4. Watson CJ GS, O’Connell E, Thum S, Glezeva N, Fendrich J, Gallagher J, Ledwidge M, McDonald K, Grote-Levi L, Thum T. MicroRNA signatures differentiate preserved from reduced ejection fraction heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:405–415. 5. Ellis KL, Cameron VA, Troughton RW, Frampton CM, Ellmers LJ, Richards AM. Circulating microRNAs as candidate markers to distinguish heart failure in breathless patients. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:1138–1147. 6. Schmitter D VA, van der Harst P. HFpEF versus HFrEF: can microRNAs advance the diagnosis? Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:351–354. 7. Sabino EC, Ribeiro AL, Lee TH, Oliveira CL, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Antunes AP, Menezes MM, Ianni BM, Salemi VM, Nastari L, Fernandes F, Sachdev V, Carrick DM, Deng X, Wright D, Gonçalez TT, Murphy EL, Custer B, Busch MP, for the Chagas Study Group of the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study-II (REDS-II), International Component. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood by PCR is associated with Chagas cardiomyopathy and disease severity. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:416–423. 8. Westenbrink BD, Kingma JH. Chagas, a cardiomyopathy emerging from obscurity. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:355–357. 9. de Boer RA, Edelmann F, Cohen-Solal A, Mamas MA, Maisel A, Pieske B. Galectin-3 in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:1095–1101. 10. Lopez B, Gonzalez A, Querejeta R, Zubillaga E, Larman M, Diez J. Galectin-3 and histological, molecular, and biochemical aspects of myocardial fibrosis in heart failure of hypertensive origin. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:385–392.
Copyright of European Journal of Heart Failure is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
