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ARTICLE IN PRESS Maturitas xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

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Antioxidant status in peri- and postmenopausal women Lubov Kolesnikova, Natalya Semenova ∗ , Irina Madaeva, Larisa Suturina, Elena Solodova, Lyudmila Grebenkina, Marina Darenskaya Scientific Centre of Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Department of Reproductive Pathophysiology, Irkutsk, Russia

a r t i c l e

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Article history: Received 5 November 2014 Received in revised form 26 February 2015 Accepted 27 February 2015 Available online xxx Keywords: Antioxidant system Perimenopause Postmenopause

a b s t r a c t Menopause is a risk factor for oxidative stress. The aim of our study is to assess antioxidant system parameters (␣-tocopherol, retinol, reduced glutathione, total antioxidant activity) in peri- and postmenopausal women. The antioxidant defense activity by estimation of total antioxidant activity, ␣-tocopherol, retinol, oxidized and reduced glutathione levels was studied in women of reproductive age (n = 37), in perimenopausal (n = 41) and postmenopausal women (n = 41). In our study we used spectrofluorofotometer methods. Statistical analysis was performed by non-parametric tests with p < 0.05 as the level of significance. The results of our study showed the decrease of ␣-tocopherol and retinol concentrations and the increase of oxidized glutathione level in blood serum both in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, the total antioxidant activity of blood serum was decreased in postmenopausal women only. The results of our study demonstrate that decrease of antioxidant defense system resources depends on the menopausal phase. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Climacteric period is a transition period from the reproductive phase to its extinction and a cessation of the menstrual and genital function. It is characterized by an initial instability of endocrine ovarian function and subsequently the drop of ovarian hormones production and definitive loss of endometrial cycling [1]. Recent data have suggested that menopause is a risk factor for oxidative stress (OS) [2,3]. It is well known that OS is the result of the imbalance between free radicals and the antioxidant activity. OS is dangerous for cells and can play an important role in an inflammation and a damage to cell structures, including lipids and membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids [4]. The reason of OS in menopause may be the decrease of the estrogen level which leads to changes in the lipid profile [5] and as a consequence to the increase of lipoperoxidation [6]. There is a powerful system of the antioxidant defense for neutralization free radicals in a body, which includes enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutation peroxidase, glutation-S-transferase, glutation reductase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (tocoferol, retinol, glutation, ascorbic acid, melatonin, and etc.). Recent data have shown that the antioxidant deficiency can play an important role in the development of

∗ Corresponding author. Timiryasev str. 16, Irkutsk 664003, Russia. Tel.: +7 9027676744. E-mail address: natkor [email protected] (N. Semenova).

reproductive system dysfunction in women [7–9]. The studies on age-related changes of antioxidant system parameters in women during various climacteric periods and their effect on emergence of different disorders arouse great interest at present time [10–14]. The data of investigations in this area make it possible to elaborate main recommendations of preventive measures to conserve health and life quality in these women. However, the results of these investigations are different. The aim of our study is to assess the antioxidant system (␣-tocopherol, retinol, reduced glutatione, total antioxidant activity) in peri- and postmenopausal women.

2. Material and methods 2.1. Subjects We examined 119 women aged 21–61 years: 37 of reproductive age (26.3 ± 0.27 age; BMI: 23.3 ± 1.21 kg/m2 ), 41 perimenopausal (49.1 ± 0.32 age; BMI: 26.50 ± 3.15 kg/m2 ), and 41 postmenopausal (56.3 ± 0.45 age; BMI: 31.08 ± 1.93 kg/m2 ) women (clinical characteristics are shown in the Table 1). – Inclusion criteria for reproductive group: age 21–40; regular menstrual cycle. – Inclusion criteria for perimenopausal group: age 45–55; oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea in during 12 months; ultrasounds criteria: (1) endometrial dysfunction: mismatch of structure and

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.02.264 0378-5122/© 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Kolesnikova L, et al. Antioxidant status in peri- and postmenopausal women. Maturitas (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.02.264

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ARTICLE IN PRESS

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L. Kolesnikova et al. / Maturitas xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

2 Table 1 Characteristics of groups of women. Characteristics

Reproductive women (n = 37) 1

Perimenopausal women (n = 41) 2

Postmenopausal women (n = 41) 3

p-Value

Diabetes type 2 Thyroid disease

– –

1 (2.44%) 10 (24.39%)

1 (2.44%) 12 (29.27%)

Cardiovascular disease



6 (14.63%)

11 (26.83%)

Gastrointestinal disease

3 (8.11%)

6 (14.63%)

16 (39.02%)

Urinary system disorders Uterine fibroids

4 (10.81%) 1 (2.70%)

3 (7.32%) 19 (46.34%)

8 (19.51%) 24 (58.54%)

Endometriosis Osteoporosis

2 (5.41%) 1 (2.70%)

6 (14.63%) 17 (41.46%)

5 (12.20%) 25 (60.98%)

– p1–2 = 0.004 p1–3 = 0.001 p1–2 = 0.046 p1–3 = 0.002 p1–3 = 0.004 p2–3 = 0.025 – p1–2 = 0.000 p1–3 = 0.000 – p1–2 = 0.000 p1–3 = 0.000

р

(␹2 ) < 0.05

thickness corresponding to the first and the second phases of the menstrual cycle; (2) depletion follicular reserve of ovaries. – Inclusion criteria for postmenopausal group: age 56–60; amenorrhea ≥12 months; FSH level >20 iU/ml, index LH/FSH

Antioxidant status in peri- and postmenopausal women.

Menopause is a risk factor for oxidative stress. The aim of our study is to assess antioxidant system parameters (α-tocopherol, retinol, reduced gluta...
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