EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY 23:85–87 (2014)
NEWS
Anthropology Stampede in Calgary
C
anada, home of some of the world’s oldest fossil tetrapods and mammals, was host to the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA), which took place April 8–12, 2014. Calgary proved an ideal location to discuss the latest and greatest research in primate and human evolution and behavior. Session topics ranged from evolutionary developmental approaches to the study of human and primate evolution to anthropology of the Maya from the Yucatan, and everything in between.
UNDERSTANDING LIFE IN THE TREES Primates are adapted for life in the trees, and many presentations this year focused on how primates are able to use complex arboreal substrates. Biren Patel (University of Southern California) sought to determine which limbs are more important for primates when grasping branches. He and his colleagues measured muscle activity in the grasping musculature of the foreand hind limbs in lemurs. They found that while both the foot and hand are important for gripping the substrate, the foot was more important in achieving a stronger, more secure grip. The importance of maintaining this grip was further highlighted by Jesse Young and Brad Chadwell (Northeast Ohio Medical University). Since many primates walk on branches much smaller than their bodies, gravity is a constant force tending to topple them off branches. Young and Chadwell investigated how marmosets cope with these demands and counteract these torques to prevent themselves from falling. They found that left and right limbs tend to generate torques that cancel each other out, and that the magnitude of the generated forces are multiple times higher on
small branches than on large ones. Surprisingly, marmosets seem to overcorrect, generating larger balancing torques than are needed to counteract gravity. Shapiro and colleagues (University of Texas at Austin) investigated locomotion in the small-branch niche similar to that used by early primates. Using various small-diameter branches, Shapiro found that mouse lemurs tended to use fast gallops and bounds, whereas arboreal nonprimate mammals (sugar gliders) tended to walk. The lemurs also displayed a greater tendency to adjust their kinematics in response to changes in substrate than did the sugar gliders, thus increasing stability in the trees. The idea that primates may be more capable than other animals in modifying their locomotor patterns in response to substrate was further explored by Michael Granatosky (Duke University). By enticing lemur species either to walk on top of a pole or to cling to it and walk upside-down underneath it, he investigated whether this locomotor shift was accompanied by differences in limb mechanics. He found that below-branch walking was associated with more flexed limb positions, as well as a shift to forelimb-driven locomotion (high vertical and propulsive forces in the forelimb relative to the hind limb). Granatosky hinted that primates might ultimately be unique among mammals in their ability to consciously modify aspects of locomotion as needed depending on the substrate. This year’s AAPA meeting also brought new insights into identifying arboreality in fossil primates. Ashley Gosselin-Ildari (Duke University) reanalyzed Victoriapithecus postcranial material using a large morphometric data set and found that several aspects of humeral morphology are well correlated with locomotor behavior. Using multivariate phylogenetic analyses, she found
that Victoriapithecus, while probably using some terrestrial locomotion, was probably more arboreal than has previously been thought. She therefore concluded that multiple convergences on arboreality in cercopithecoids need not be invoked to explain the apparent arboreal traits seen in other early taxa.
LINKING BONES AND BEHAVIOR Various presentations attempted to link investigations of primate locomotor mechanics with quantitative analyses of skeletal morphology. Among these was Caley Orr’s (Midwestern University) investigation of wrist kinematics in monkeys and apes. Using CT scans of upper limb cadavers with their wrists placed in different postures, Orr discovered that knuckle-walking and digitigrade primates exhibit limited extension at their radiocarpal and midcarpal joint complexes compared to palmigrade monkeys. Orangutans, however, exhibit mobile midcarpal but rigid radiocarpal joints. Orr related these kinematic differences back to specific bony features, including the dorsal side of the distal radius and the lunocapitate joint surfaces, which he found to differ between locomotor groups. David Raichlen (University of Arizona) presented an investigation of the relationships among locomotion, ontogeny, and trabecular bone in developing human children. He and his colleagues measured lower limb kinematics during walking in children between one and eight years old, then compared these data to trabecular bone properties measured in an age-matched sample of distal tibiae from an archeological population. They found that changes in the vertical orientation of the tibia with age were negatively related to vertical orientation and anisotropy of the trabeculae. From this result, Raichlen argued that the ontogeny of
86 THOMPSON ET AL.
lower-limb kinematics during human development is reflected in trabecular architecture. The study of trabecular bone continued with Brian Addison (Harvard University), who investigated trabecular architecture in the calcanei of humans and African apes. He tested the hypothesis that in humans trabecular bone functions to absorb shock due to the high-impact transient forces occurring during heel-strike, and that this role is reflected in its architecture. Unexpectedly, he discovered that late Pleistocene human populations and African apes exhibit relatively high trabecular bone-volume fractions and bone-mineral densities compared to those of modern humans. Addison also found that Pleistocene humans display differences from modern humans in cervical vertebral trabecular morphology, suggesting that these differences may be due to systematic differences in robusticity, rather than reflecting locomotor mechanics. Kevin Hatala (George Washington University) presented a new analysis of the Laetoli hominin trackway in which he used photogrammetry to measure the shapes of footprints produced by both Daasanach human subjects and chimpanzees. Using a resampling approach, Hatala found that the depth profile of the different regions of the Laetoli prints fell outside of the range of measurements from the Daasanach sample. By combining footprint dimensions with human gait variables, Hatala argued that, compared to modern humans, the maker of the Laetoli trackway would have exhibited greater midfoot mobility, a less pronounced medial weight transfer at the end of stance, and a less extended hip joint during bipedal walking.
NEW PERSPECTIVES IN ONTOGENY Ontogenetic factors in anthropology were highlighted in the session “Building Bones,” which covered talks about the development of bone and teeth. Valerie DeLeon (Johns Hopkins University) and colleagues examined the role of homoplasy from an ontogenetic perspective in
NEWS
tarsiers. Using microCT and histological data, they found evidence suggesting that the presence of a partial postorbital septum in tarsiers is a developmental response to eye hypertrophy. This hints at the possibility that a complete or partial postorbital septum may not have been present in the last common ancestor of anthropoids and tarsiers. The theme of ontogeny was further carried over into the hominin fossil sessions. Using synchrotron virtual histology, Tanya Smith (Harvard University) and colleagues were able to gain insight into ontogenetic patterns of Pliocene and Pleistocene hominin dental development. Smith found that fossil hominins show a wide range of variation in tooth formation times and that neither humans nor chimpanzees accurately represent the hominin pattern. The authors also found that many previous estimations of age at death are likely biased, so that some hominins may be younger than previous thought.
ADVANCEMENTS IN MOLECULAR ANTHROPOLOGY Several podium sessions this year were dedicated to presentations highlighting advancements in molecular anthropology. The “Anthropological Genetics” sessions focused on how novel molecular techniques can be used to explore nonhuman primate evolutionary histories. Christina Bergey and colleagues (New York University) presented their research, which used multilocus data to investigate a longstudied zone of hybridization between Papio anubis and Papio hamdryas. Their findings suggest that the hybrid has begun a separate evolutionary path from both parent species. These findings may have implications for other species with admixture, including our own. Joseph Orkin (Washington University in St. Louis), using genomic sequencing and a scat-sniffing dog, was able to generate multilocus data to analyze the landscape genetics of black crested gibbons in a heavily fragmented forest. He found strong population structuring and distinct
population clustering associated with the geography and altitude of the area. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, it is now possible to investigate biological variation and species evolution using nongenomic and meta-genomic data. During the “Beyond the Genome” session, Steve Leigh and Katie Amato (University of Colorado) provided an overview of several studies comparing the microbiomes of humans and nonhuman primates. Human vaginal and gut microbiomes differ significantly from other primates in composition and diversity, possibly reflecting simplification caused by human behaviors such as cooking. Exploring how the microbiome is formed and influenced by the host was part of Katie Hinde’s (Harvard University) presentation on the mother’s milk of human and nonhuman primates. Mother’s milk provides a means of vertical transmission for symbiotic bacteria that aid digestion and immunological function. Hinde demonstrated that milk collection provides a noninvasive means of exploring gene expression in milk synthesis and, therefore, infant development. Ran Blekhman (University of Minnesota) presented on the use of a genome-wide association study to elucidate the effect of host genetic factors on the composition of the microbiome. Using metagenomic shotgun sequencing data compiled through the Human Microbiome Project, Blekhman and colleagues were able to identify 26 human genes associated with microbiome composition in 15 body sites. These genes were highly involved with immune function, suggesting a role of the host immune system in shaping the microbiome across the body. Cecil Lewis (University of Oklahoma) spoke on the successful isolation of ancestral microbiomes from two archeological sites. Samples taken from the dental calculus of two Medieval European adults revealed their oral microbiome, while samples from 1300-year-old human coprolites provided information about their gut microbiome. Overall, these sessions demonstrated the potential of novel molecular techniques in the study of
NEWS
human and nonhuman primate evolutionary histories.
SOCIAL GROUP DYNAMICS Recent methodological advances in social network analysis were highlighted in several primatological sessions. Joseph Feldblum (Duke University) reconstructed adult male social networks to investigate a major fission event in a chimpanzee community at Gombe. He demonstrated how upheaval of the male dominance hierarchy acted as a catalyst to trigger the subgrouping pattern that followed. Turning to females, Sam M. Larson (University of Pennsylvania) examined changes in grooming networks following a fission event in rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. Using network analysis, Larson showed how changes in clustering of grooming precede the sudden onset of aggressive interactions during the fission event. Steffen Foerster (Columbia University) used network analysis to look at the grooming network structure of adult female African forest guenons in relation to fruit availability. He found that when faced with decreased fruit availability, females increase their number of grooming partners, leading to greater social integration within the group. In an invited poster symposium, “A Change of Scene,” discussants Katharine Jack (Tulane University) and Julie Teichroeb (Duke University) highlighted the diverse ways in which the alpha male position is taken over across primate species in multimale groups. Pascal Marty (German Primate Center) showed that male crested macaques exhibit two immigration strategies, with “explorer” males leaving their natal group with greater body mass and ultimately achieving higher ranks than “follower” males. Investigating the influence of different takeover strategies in a facultative female dispersing species, Pascale Sicotte (University of Calgary) showed that
ANTHROPOLOGY STAMPEDE IN CALGARY 87
different types of male takeover resulted in different reactions by females. Colobus vellerosus females deserted during slow takeovers by all-male bands, whereas no females deserted following immediate takeovers by a single male. This finding suggests that female dispersal patterns may be related to the quality of the male. Kara Leimberger (University of Texas at Austin) presented on male takeover strategies for Verreaux’s sifaka. She found that males can enter a group either individually or as a pair. Obvious indicators of male quality, such as body mass and canine size, did not significantly influence immigration strategy; rather, Leimberger suggested that group composition and reproductive season better explain male transfer strategies.
LONG-TERM FIELD RESEARCH IN PRIMATOLOGY Special attention was given to long-term research studies in primatology, with several podium and poster sessions devoted to the topic. Particularly relevant in the current economic climate was the session “Surviving for the Long Term,” in which Ulrich Reichard (Southern Illinois University) discussed a 20-year study of white-handed gibbons and the impact of funding fluctuations on the collection of data. Periods of higher resources allowed the collection of important life-history information such as first age of reproduction and dispersal, but cuts in funding prevented the researchers from discovering life expectancy or lifetime reproductive success. Despite the long-term nature of the project, several questions were left unanswered due to funding cuts. The management and dissemination of long-term field data was addressed in part by Sarah Zehr (Duke University), who introduced the new Duke Lemur Center Database. This soon-to-be-publicly avail-
able life-history resource will provide numerous life-history variables for 39 taxa and over 4,100 individuals who have been housed at the Duke Lemur Center over the last four decades. It promises to be an invaluable source of reliable information and will provide a great resource for many studies on primate life history in the future. The invited poster symposium “Ring-Tailed Lemurs” highlighted the 50-plus years of research spent studying the ring-tailed lemurs of Madagascar. The session was dedicated to the memory of Alison Jolly, a pioneer of lemur research and an inspiration to countless generations of students and researchers through her work and outreach, including two series of children’s books published in English and Malagasy. The enduring legacy of her research continued in the session with her poster describing a troop division in 1992 that then led to the possible extinction of the dominant female matriline. The poster illustrated that troop stability and history is shaped by interactions among birth, death, and individual personality. Next year’s AAPA meeting will be held in St. Louis, MO, on March 25– 29, 2015.
Nathan E. Thompson Department of Anatomical Sciences Stony Brook University School of Medicine
Santiago Cassalett Department of Ecology and Evolution Stony Brook University
Nicholas B. Holowka Rachel F. Perlman Carrie Mongle Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences Stony Brook University C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. V Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/evan.21415
NEWS
Anthropology Stampede in Calgary
C
anada, home of some of the world’s oldest fossil tetrapods and mammals, was host to the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA), which took place April 8–12, 2014. Calgary proved an ideal location to discuss the latest and greatest research in primate and human evolution and behavior. Session topics ranged from evolutionary developmental approaches to the study of human and primate evolution to anthropology of the Maya from the Yucatan, and everything in between.
UNDERSTANDING LIFE IN THE TREES Primates are adapted for life in the trees, and many presentations this year focused on how primates are able to use complex arboreal substrates. Biren Patel (University of Southern California) sought to determine which limbs are more important for primates when grasping branches. He and his colleagues measured muscle activity in the grasping musculature of the foreand hind limbs in lemurs. They found that while both the foot and hand are important for gripping the substrate, the foot was more important in achieving a stronger, more secure grip. The importance of maintaining this grip was further highlighted by Jesse Young and Brad Chadwell (Northeast Ohio Medical University). Since many primates walk on branches much smaller than their bodies, gravity is a constant force tending to topple them off branches. Young and Chadwell investigated how marmosets cope with these demands and counteract these torques to prevent themselves from falling. They found that left and right limbs tend to generate torques that cancel each other out, and that the magnitude of the generated forces are multiple times higher on
small branches than on large ones. Surprisingly, marmosets seem to overcorrect, generating larger balancing torques than are needed to counteract gravity. Shapiro and colleagues (University of Texas at Austin) investigated locomotion in the small-branch niche similar to that used by early primates. Using various small-diameter branches, Shapiro found that mouse lemurs tended to use fast gallops and bounds, whereas arboreal nonprimate mammals (sugar gliders) tended to walk. The lemurs also displayed a greater tendency to adjust their kinematics in response to changes in substrate than did the sugar gliders, thus increasing stability in the trees. The idea that primates may be more capable than other animals in modifying their locomotor patterns in response to substrate was further explored by Michael Granatosky (Duke University). By enticing lemur species either to walk on top of a pole or to cling to it and walk upside-down underneath it, he investigated whether this locomotor shift was accompanied by differences in limb mechanics. He found that below-branch walking was associated with more flexed limb positions, as well as a shift to forelimb-driven locomotion (high vertical and propulsive forces in the forelimb relative to the hind limb). Granatosky hinted that primates might ultimately be unique among mammals in their ability to consciously modify aspects of locomotion as needed depending on the substrate. This year’s AAPA meeting also brought new insights into identifying arboreality in fossil primates. Ashley Gosselin-Ildari (Duke University) reanalyzed Victoriapithecus postcranial material using a large morphometric data set and found that several aspects of humeral morphology are well correlated with locomotor behavior. Using multivariate phylogenetic analyses, she found
that Victoriapithecus, while probably using some terrestrial locomotion, was probably more arboreal than has previously been thought. She therefore concluded that multiple convergences on arboreality in cercopithecoids need not be invoked to explain the apparent arboreal traits seen in other early taxa.
LINKING BONES AND BEHAVIOR Various presentations attempted to link investigations of primate locomotor mechanics with quantitative analyses of skeletal morphology. Among these was Caley Orr’s (Midwestern University) investigation of wrist kinematics in monkeys and apes. Using CT scans of upper limb cadavers with their wrists placed in different postures, Orr discovered that knuckle-walking and digitigrade primates exhibit limited extension at their radiocarpal and midcarpal joint complexes compared to palmigrade monkeys. Orangutans, however, exhibit mobile midcarpal but rigid radiocarpal joints. Orr related these kinematic differences back to specific bony features, including the dorsal side of the distal radius and the lunocapitate joint surfaces, which he found to differ between locomotor groups. David Raichlen (University of Arizona) presented an investigation of the relationships among locomotion, ontogeny, and trabecular bone in developing human children. He and his colleagues measured lower limb kinematics during walking in children between one and eight years old, then compared these data to trabecular bone properties measured in an age-matched sample of distal tibiae from an archeological population. They found that changes in the vertical orientation of the tibia with age were negatively related to vertical orientation and anisotropy of the trabeculae. From this result, Raichlen argued that the ontogeny of
86 THOMPSON ET AL.
lower-limb kinematics during human development is reflected in trabecular architecture. The study of trabecular bone continued with Brian Addison (Harvard University), who investigated trabecular architecture in the calcanei of humans and African apes. He tested the hypothesis that in humans trabecular bone functions to absorb shock due to the high-impact transient forces occurring during heel-strike, and that this role is reflected in its architecture. Unexpectedly, he discovered that late Pleistocene human populations and African apes exhibit relatively high trabecular bone-volume fractions and bone-mineral densities compared to those of modern humans. Addison also found that Pleistocene humans display differences from modern humans in cervical vertebral trabecular morphology, suggesting that these differences may be due to systematic differences in robusticity, rather than reflecting locomotor mechanics. Kevin Hatala (George Washington University) presented a new analysis of the Laetoli hominin trackway in which he used photogrammetry to measure the shapes of footprints produced by both Daasanach human subjects and chimpanzees. Using a resampling approach, Hatala found that the depth profile of the different regions of the Laetoli prints fell outside of the range of measurements from the Daasanach sample. By combining footprint dimensions with human gait variables, Hatala argued that, compared to modern humans, the maker of the Laetoli trackway would have exhibited greater midfoot mobility, a less pronounced medial weight transfer at the end of stance, and a less extended hip joint during bipedal walking.
NEW PERSPECTIVES IN ONTOGENY Ontogenetic factors in anthropology were highlighted in the session “Building Bones,” which covered talks about the development of bone and teeth. Valerie DeLeon (Johns Hopkins University) and colleagues examined the role of homoplasy from an ontogenetic perspective in
NEWS
tarsiers. Using microCT and histological data, they found evidence suggesting that the presence of a partial postorbital septum in tarsiers is a developmental response to eye hypertrophy. This hints at the possibility that a complete or partial postorbital septum may not have been present in the last common ancestor of anthropoids and tarsiers. The theme of ontogeny was further carried over into the hominin fossil sessions. Using synchrotron virtual histology, Tanya Smith (Harvard University) and colleagues were able to gain insight into ontogenetic patterns of Pliocene and Pleistocene hominin dental development. Smith found that fossil hominins show a wide range of variation in tooth formation times and that neither humans nor chimpanzees accurately represent the hominin pattern. The authors also found that many previous estimations of age at death are likely biased, so that some hominins may be younger than previous thought.
ADVANCEMENTS IN MOLECULAR ANTHROPOLOGY Several podium sessions this year were dedicated to presentations highlighting advancements in molecular anthropology. The “Anthropological Genetics” sessions focused on how novel molecular techniques can be used to explore nonhuman primate evolutionary histories. Christina Bergey and colleagues (New York University) presented their research, which used multilocus data to investigate a longstudied zone of hybridization between Papio anubis and Papio hamdryas. Their findings suggest that the hybrid has begun a separate evolutionary path from both parent species. These findings may have implications for other species with admixture, including our own. Joseph Orkin (Washington University in St. Louis), using genomic sequencing and a scat-sniffing dog, was able to generate multilocus data to analyze the landscape genetics of black crested gibbons in a heavily fragmented forest. He found strong population structuring and distinct
population clustering associated with the geography and altitude of the area. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, it is now possible to investigate biological variation and species evolution using nongenomic and meta-genomic data. During the “Beyond the Genome” session, Steve Leigh and Katie Amato (University of Colorado) provided an overview of several studies comparing the microbiomes of humans and nonhuman primates. Human vaginal and gut microbiomes differ significantly from other primates in composition and diversity, possibly reflecting simplification caused by human behaviors such as cooking. Exploring how the microbiome is formed and influenced by the host was part of Katie Hinde’s (Harvard University) presentation on the mother’s milk of human and nonhuman primates. Mother’s milk provides a means of vertical transmission for symbiotic bacteria that aid digestion and immunological function. Hinde demonstrated that milk collection provides a noninvasive means of exploring gene expression in milk synthesis and, therefore, infant development. Ran Blekhman (University of Minnesota) presented on the use of a genome-wide association study to elucidate the effect of host genetic factors on the composition of the microbiome. Using metagenomic shotgun sequencing data compiled through the Human Microbiome Project, Blekhman and colleagues were able to identify 26 human genes associated with microbiome composition in 15 body sites. These genes were highly involved with immune function, suggesting a role of the host immune system in shaping the microbiome across the body. Cecil Lewis (University of Oklahoma) spoke on the successful isolation of ancestral microbiomes from two archeological sites. Samples taken from the dental calculus of two Medieval European adults revealed their oral microbiome, while samples from 1300-year-old human coprolites provided information about their gut microbiome. Overall, these sessions demonstrated the potential of novel molecular techniques in the study of
NEWS
human and nonhuman primate evolutionary histories.
SOCIAL GROUP DYNAMICS Recent methodological advances in social network analysis were highlighted in several primatological sessions. Joseph Feldblum (Duke University) reconstructed adult male social networks to investigate a major fission event in a chimpanzee community at Gombe. He demonstrated how upheaval of the male dominance hierarchy acted as a catalyst to trigger the subgrouping pattern that followed. Turning to females, Sam M. Larson (University of Pennsylvania) examined changes in grooming networks following a fission event in rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. Using network analysis, Larson showed how changes in clustering of grooming precede the sudden onset of aggressive interactions during the fission event. Steffen Foerster (Columbia University) used network analysis to look at the grooming network structure of adult female African forest guenons in relation to fruit availability. He found that when faced with decreased fruit availability, females increase their number of grooming partners, leading to greater social integration within the group. In an invited poster symposium, “A Change of Scene,” discussants Katharine Jack (Tulane University) and Julie Teichroeb (Duke University) highlighted the diverse ways in which the alpha male position is taken over across primate species in multimale groups. Pascal Marty (German Primate Center) showed that male crested macaques exhibit two immigration strategies, with “explorer” males leaving their natal group with greater body mass and ultimately achieving higher ranks than “follower” males. Investigating the influence of different takeover strategies in a facultative female dispersing species, Pascale Sicotte (University of Calgary) showed that
ANTHROPOLOGY STAMPEDE IN CALGARY 87
different types of male takeover resulted in different reactions by females. Colobus vellerosus females deserted during slow takeovers by all-male bands, whereas no females deserted following immediate takeovers by a single male. This finding suggests that female dispersal patterns may be related to the quality of the male. Kara Leimberger (University of Texas at Austin) presented on male takeover strategies for Verreaux’s sifaka. She found that males can enter a group either individually or as a pair. Obvious indicators of male quality, such as body mass and canine size, did not significantly influence immigration strategy; rather, Leimberger suggested that group composition and reproductive season better explain male transfer strategies.
LONG-TERM FIELD RESEARCH IN PRIMATOLOGY Special attention was given to long-term research studies in primatology, with several podium and poster sessions devoted to the topic. Particularly relevant in the current economic climate was the session “Surviving for the Long Term,” in which Ulrich Reichard (Southern Illinois University) discussed a 20-year study of white-handed gibbons and the impact of funding fluctuations on the collection of data. Periods of higher resources allowed the collection of important life-history information such as first age of reproduction and dispersal, but cuts in funding prevented the researchers from discovering life expectancy or lifetime reproductive success. Despite the long-term nature of the project, several questions were left unanswered due to funding cuts. The management and dissemination of long-term field data was addressed in part by Sarah Zehr (Duke University), who introduced the new Duke Lemur Center Database. This soon-to-be-publicly avail-
able life-history resource will provide numerous life-history variables for 39 taxa and over 4,100 individuals who have been housed at the Duke Lemur Center over the last four decades. It promises to be an invaluable source of reliable information and will provide a great resource for many studies on primate life history in the future. The invited poster symposium “Ring-Tailed Lemurs” highlighted the 50-plus years of research spent studying the ring-tailed lemurs of Madagascar. The session was dedicated to the memory of Alison Jolly, a pioneer of lemur research and an inspiration to countless generations of students and researchers through her work and outreach, including two series of children’s books published in English and Malagasy. The enduring legacy of her research continued in the session with her poster describing a troop division in 1992 that then led to the possible extinction of the dominant female matriline. The poster illustrated that troop stability and history is shaped by interactions among birth, death, and individual personality. Next year’s AAPA meeting will be held in St. Louis, MO, on March 25– 29, 2015.
Nathan E. Thompson Department of Anatomical Sciences Stony Brook University School of Medicine
Santiago Cassalett Department of Ecology and Evolution Stony Brook University
Nicholas B. Holowka Rachel F. Perlman Carrie Mongle Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences Stony Brook University C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. V Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/evan.21415
