whereby it has been feasible to suggest that accidental insertion of vaccine occurred, I exercised every precaution I could think of to pre-
arising. Irrespective of also necessary to take special as at the time I was cultivating vaccine lymph for general distribution. It was, therefore, arranged that the animal to be inoculated was to be kept strictly separate from others in a disconnected building. The superintendents engaged on ordinary animal vaccination work were not permitted to handle the animal. The removal from the tubes of the virus by blowing, and the inoculation of the calf ANIMAL VACCINE?ITS ORIGIN AND were accomplished by myself, after disinfection CULTIVATION. of my hands in perchloride lotion, with instruBy W. G. King, m.b., c.m., d.Ph., Aberdeen, ments that had never been used for vaccination Surgeon-Major Indian Medical Service. purposes previously, and were, moreover, not(Continued from page bo.) withstanding this fact, sterilized by heat. To A VIGOROUS bull calf, nearly two years old, prevent further reference to this mater, I may was selected for this experiment. The hair was here add that the same precautions as to each red ; the abdomen and thighs were shaved as transfer were exercised?the instruments being usual in preparing for vaccine inoculation, and retained in my own possession and used only by myself, until the characteristics of vaccine bewere subsequently carefully washed with soap, then with perchloride ofmercury lotion (1?1000), ing fully established, it was considered safe to employ the lymph for general issue. Notes of and, lastly, with plenty of sterilized water. Four tubes of perfectly clear small-pox lymph the progress of the cultivation were carefully were available. These were supplied 011 my kept for me by Mr. Numbiar, l.m. & s., then one of my superintendents, from dictation by responsibility by a well-educated vaccinator of myself after much a during daily inspection of the animals. searching neighbouring district, The was placed in special charge same officer for a case willing to allow of the extraction of of the animals with the object ot seeing that in colwarned that lymph. He had been duly ?o and he was himself lecting the lymph, the utmost care should be not contamination occurred, inoculated with those allowed to handle taken that no contamination with ordinary vaccine occurred. Accordingly, in the act of collect- ordinary vaccine, and I am sure from the interest evinced by him every discretion was used ing it, he used new capillary tubes obtaining it in this matter. It is from these notes the foldirect from the fresh forming small-pox vesicles Tabular Statements have been compiled lowing by gently rupturing them; thereby avoiding with the object of placing events of defiuite the use of any instrument. The subject was a native female nine years of age, suffering from periods clearly before the reader. With re gard to calf No. I, it will be seen that the confluent form of small-pox she never the behaviour at the site of inoculation correwithwas The been vaccinated. lymph having drawn l>y the vaccinator in the presence of the sponds exactly to that described by the Lyon's the usual village munsiff and curnam. I also hold a certifi- Commission. There was exhibited the site at elevations success of to cate signed by the leading hopes village heads and certain re- of to vesiof but instead inoculation, proceeding spectable inhabitants vouching for the accuracy of the vaccinator's statements. On receipt of culation, these gradually and completely aborted. the lymph, I sent to the distant village one of But, in contrast with their observations, there at a distance from my medical superintendents?who was himself appeared secondary papules which subsethe inoculation, original site of deeply pitted with small-pox?Mr Thirumuttuthe disease. of course ran usual the l.m. & to quently see the case, and he certiswainy, s., These appeared in successive crops. Ihus, at fied that it was one of confluent small-pox. As first a single papule was discovered on the scroto the origin of the lymph, therefore, 1 consider tum. This was regarded as something too good there can be no doubt the same also may safely to be true, in view of the apparent justification be granted with regard to its uucontaminated which had been thus condition when it reached me?a fact that is, of M. Chauveau's opinions in any case, sufficiently confirmed by its be- far verified, and it was consequently examined with the greatest care; but I was forced to admit haviour in the calf. after use of a magnifying glass that, irrespecKnowing that those who doubt the possibility of cultivating vaccine I from small-pox virus tive of the knowledge that I had not wittingly have constantly managed to find some flaw in made any puncture ot the scrotum, there existthe manipulation necessary for inoculation, ed no such sign on the papule itself. At the 115th 26 vent any future doubt
this
fact, it precautions,
?viflimtt (^ommuniqatiomi.
was
INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
210
hour,
this
papule
had become
distinctly
vesicu-
lar?the upper aspect being flat and the centre depressed. At the same time a hard shot-like
papule was found in the perineum, but it was thought to be possibly due to an insect bite ; of this
could, however, hour, a total of
be six papules that were undoubtedly secondhad character developed ; four in the right, ary one on the left side of the perineum, and one on the. left thigh. By this time the papular elevations at the original site of inoculation had completely faded. At the 163rd hour, the second110
sign
discovered.
vesicles
By
cause
the 139th now of an
absolutely characteristic, distinctly marked umbilicatious in each instance.and, moreover, as shown by the tendency of some to ooze, they were unusually rich in lymph. I now considered the condition to be of sufficient importance, as to demand that my own testimony only should not be on record, and I sent au urgent message to SurgeonMajor Smyth, the Professor of Pathology, Medical College, Madras?au officer whose pathological experience is widely recognized. He accordingly very kindly came, and, after careful examination, fully agreed with me in my opinion as to the character of the vesicles. On examining calf No. I over the lumbar region, the animal seemed particularly tender, ?shrinking from the touch. This condition was ary
having
were
most
noted in all the animals of the first few transfers and necessarily reminded me forcibly of the lumbar pain, which forms so marked a symptom during the invasion of small-pox in the huOn shaving over the spot, subman being. cutaneous glandular enlargements were found 011 both sides of the lumbar region. In calf No. I the urine was scauty, high-coloured, and had a disagreeable odour. This calf suffered constitutionally, but not so the others, to a degree I have never seen follow inoculation with ordinary vaccine. In vaccine inoculations, the amount of disturbance produced?provided the lymph employed be fairly benign?seems to be in proportion to the greater or less number of insertions, -but, in this case, with obviously the most trivial insertions, the constitutional disturbance was so great that it was questionable whether the animal would survive. For several days, its nourishment was maintained solely by forcibly feeding it with milk, eggs, rum, congee, &c. These extreme
constitutional symptoms exhibited themselves subsequent to the full development of the secondAgain, as regards the behaviour ary vesicles. of the vesicles in the first transfer, a most marked characteristic was the rapidity with which, after
being apparently exhausted of _lymph b} expression forceps, they again filled up; showing extraordinary activity aud persistence in the pro-
of vesiculation. As regards the results during the successive transfers, it will be noted that the lymph taken
cess
[July
1893.
from the first secondary vesicle on the scrotum was lost on transmission to a buffalo. This animal proved insusceptible, both to this lymph and to subsequent inoculation with ordinary vaccine. My experiment would therefore have ended here, at the verge of success, had it not been for the occurrence of the further crop of secondary vesicles which was available, at the 163rd hour. It is from these secondary vesicles that cultivation was continued through calf No, III. In ascertaining the number of generations through which the lymph was passed before it was considered safe to employ it upon the human being, it must, therefore, be remembered that the transmission to calf No. II should not be included. Again, calf No. VI must also be excluded ; as it was not employed for transmission of the stock, but for a special experiment?the lymph produced by it being allowed to die out. It will be seen in the Tabular Statement, that, as the result of successive transfers, the secondary vesicles no longer appeared, and, notwithstanding the hot weather* in Madras where the experiment was conducted, the period occupied in development of the vesicles was that of normal vaccine. I had at command, therefore, that for which I had striven?a new stock of vaccine to replace what I considered to be a highly unsatisfactory material which passed under that name in the Madras Presidency, that had, in complete neglect of care as to cultivation, been maintained for many years from the strain derived from Bombay, which, in turn, was descended from virusf propagated by Warlomont from a case of natural There cow-pox in Naples. was 110 characteristic of true vaccine wanting as regards mode and time of development (allowance being made for the factor of tropical heat), physical appearances and constitutional results on the calf. It had further been proved to be of the same nature as ordinary vaccine, iii that animals inoculated with it, were incapable of infection with the former ; this precaution having been taken with the first animals (vide Tabular Statement.) I should now have been justified in issuing it for use 011 the human being; for it must be allowed that the recognition of true vaccine can only reasonably proceed 011 the same lines as the diagnosis of other diseases generally. We know that small-pox, measles, chicken-pox, have each their several local and constitutional characteristics, and 011 inspection we unhesitatingly pronounce them, on the evidThe ence thus available, to be so and so. in Dr. led is that which Uory, reply to a principle *
the present Royal Vaccination Comto how he could recognize a true vaccine vesicle, to state?" By the appearance
question by
mission, *
as
la the latter part of March, the average maximum is about 94*1?, the average miuimum TG'S0. ,In April 9G'3? and 78'9? respectively. f Imported by Dr. Blanc iu 1868,
usually
RECORD OF TEMPERATURE. TEMPERATURE. RECORD OF : Agk Name 6 Months. Narrainappa. Agk : 6 Months. Vaccinated Vaccinated Name:: Narrainappa.
No No. jI.
INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE, JVW
1893.]
: :
April 15, 1891. .April 15, 1891.
RECORD OF TEMPERATURE. Name: Hanumantha. Age: 6 Months, Vaccinated
No H. No. II.
TVtTAH MIDIOAI, OAZETTE,
JT7LT
1898.]
:
April 15, 1891.
July
893.]
KING ON ANIMAL VACCINE.
If you have a cabbage iu your you know it is a cabbage, and do not expect to be poisoned by it." I, however, resolved, as I had announced to the members of the South Indian Branch of the Medical Association, to whom I had the honour of exhibiting the animals 011 the 3rd of April 1891, that I would not issue the lymph for public vaccination till I was " completely satisfied that the true characteristics of vaccine lymph have been attained." On this ground, feeling that the question of possible reversion to original type ought to be entered into, I allowed a certain portion of the lymph in calf No. IV to advance to an extent sufficient to make it decidedly opaque, thereby certainly giving it the best chance, so far as our present of the vesicle.
garden
knowledge goes, to undergo reversion. With this opaque lymph, then I inoculated calf No. VI, the result was to show clearly that no reversion did occur, and that I was, therefore, now perfectly justified in issuing the stock. At my then head-quarters, the town of Madras, it was impossible for me to obtain an unvaccinated subject for love or money, the inhabitants of the parcherries for a great distance round my depot having been persuaded by evil-disposed vaccinators that they would be sent to jail if they brought their children to me, instead of the depot appointed by the municipality. Owing to this carefully organized opposition, I was forced to
give up any attempt at making experiments on subjects in municipal limits. Some time in consequence of this condition of previously, affairs, I had arranged with Mr. Gonsalvez,
Acting District Medical and of the Auantapur District, that he should undertake the trial of any variety of lymph I sent him, and furnish me with a report. This he probably the more readily consented to do, as the Government and the Surgeon-General with the Government of Madras had issued orders asking revenue and medical officers to kindly give me their help in the experimental issue of lanoline vaccine, which was then being introduced by me. I had necessarily not given Mr. Gonsalvez any information with respect to the nature ot lymphs formerly eent to him for report, tor obvious reasons, and I naturally adhered to this arrangement in the present instance. Mr. Gonsalvez, therefore, was able to approach the subject with a perfectly unprejudiced mind. As there was no small-pox in Anantapur which, however, existed iu Madras, his help was peculiarly valuable to me?as, even had I secured a subject in Madras, an attack of l.m.
& s., then
Sanitary Officer
small-pox naturally acquired might have completely vitiated the result of my work up to this point. This accident, or it may be some contamination of instruments, certainly vitiated the result of Dr. Shortt's work already referred to, his lymph having been used with safety in Madras town, where he had sent it for trial, but
211
in Aucot where he had cultivated it and where this disease was prevalent. In my instructions to Mr. Grousalvez, I required him to watch with care the local and constitutional symptoms, and to retain a temperature chart reporting daily by telegram as to progress of the vaccination.
being followed by small-pox
Mr. Gonsalvez' report is as follows:? Case No. 1.?Name, Narrainappa;
age, 6 4 number of of scarifications, ; vesicles, 4 ; date of vaccination, 15 th April 1891. In this case, four scarifications were made. For the first three days, the scarified parts became elevated. On the 5th day, the elevation became more marked, and on the evening of the On the 7th day, same, vesicles were seen. vesicles fully developed, centre depressed. On the 8th day, vesicles large aud contained clear transparent lymph, areola forming. On the 10th day, vesicles changed into pustules, and areola disappeared. On the 14th day, scab began to form. A chart, indicating temperature, is
months ; number
herewith attached. Case No.
Ram ; age f months; number of scarifications 4, date of vaccination, 15th April 1891.
2.?Name, Hanumantha
6
Four scarifications,
two on each arm were which for the first two days appeared red. On the 3rd day these were elevated, which on the 4th On the 5th more marked. became day day, minute vesicles were formed; these on the 7th day developed into full vesicles distended with clear virus, and the centre umbilicated. On the 8th day, the vesicles were seen more developed, and areola well marked. On the 14th day, scabs began to form, aud the areola disappeared. A chart, indicating temperature of the child vaccinated during the course, is herewith attached. It will be thus seen that the symptoms produced by the vaccination of the human subject were equally as characteristic as they had been on the calf.
made,
Having proceeded
on
tour
to
Ootacamund,
the hot weather resort of the Government of Madras, I vacciuated a large number of cases with my new stock of lymph preserved with lanoliue. The results were the production of splendid vesicles, williout any secondary symptoms. I then discontinued my former stock of lymph, in favour of this new and vigorous variety, aud from the Vaccination Supply Department, Banto the vaccinators of thirteen galore,
supplied
districts of the Madras Presidency enough pre-
served vaccine pulp for about 311,363 cases. In no instance was any approach to return to the original type of small-pox observed. But whilst in serving the large village populations of this country, such untoward results might
occur, and yet not be reported, this could not have escaped detection where cases were specially watched by medical officers. Luckily, in
one sense of the word, an epidemic of small-pox threatened the garrison of Bangalore, and in a few days 4,240 European and native soldiers, besides nearly all the officers, their wives and children, and all the followers were vaccinated. As required by regulations, the vaccination of soldiers and sepoys was watched during progress by the medical officers of the Medical Stafl and Indian Medical Department of the garrison. In not a single instance did any untoward result occur?a fact which not only shows that 110 reversion to type was perceived throughout the large population vaccinated, but also that the benign quality of the lymph as a result of careful cultivation, was well marked. The opinion of the principal medical officer responsible for the garrison of Bangalore, Surgeon-Colonel Inkson, who had in various parts of Europe and India every opportunity of judging of the effect of various strains of vaccine, was as follows:? "From the Administrative Medical Officer, Her Majesty's Forces, Belgauni Districts, to the officer in charge of the Special Vaccine Supply Depart-
ment, Bangalore,dated 7th July 1891, No. 959-E. "In reply to your letter No. 360 of 3rd instant,* I have the honour to state that I consider the animal lymph supplied from your depot is better and more efficacious than any other lymph I have seen supplied in this country. *
My letter asking opinion plied.?W. G. K.
as
to
CALF No. Date.
[July
INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
212
Hour.
Temp, of Animals.
quality
of the
lymph
I?[Generation Papule.
sup-
of
" 2. As regards the scarificator used by you> I can, from personal experience, say that it is an efficient and safe instrument, and that it causes little or no pain." The Madras Government, for reasons which, as their servant, it is not within my province to publicly criticize, issued an order in October 1891, with the object of completely eradicating the stock of lymph which resulted from this experiment. The Mysore Government having bought the majority of the equipment of the Madras Government Special Vaccine Supply Department, which was also abolished, have, however, continued my mode of preserving vesicle pulp, and, although for a short time their' medical adviser, on ascertaining the decision' of the Madras Government, caused the old Madras vaccine strain to be introduced, on personally seeing the results of cultivation side by side, he determined to return to my new stock of lymph which had, in the meantime, been carefully cultivated uucontaminated by Mr. Palpu, l.m. & s., formerly under my orders a Senior Superintendent of the Madras Govern-
Special Vaccine Supply Department. Under his charge the Mysore Government Vaccine Institute continues to this day to issue this lymph preserved by the lanoline process, for the conduct of all vaccinations in their own territory, and for sale to other parts of India. Notwithstanding thiswide distribution and prolonged use, in no case has any tendency
ment
a reversion to the been detected.
to
Lymph
Vesicle.
from
Small-pox
originaltype of small-pox
virus JNo. ij
Secondary Eruption.
Scab.
77
102-2
Remarks. This was inoculated with Oth day small-pox virus.
19-3-91 23-3-91
1893.
Faint blush and raising of skin. Two punctures
and five lines out of had a flush of redand slight eleva-
seven ness
tion, indicating that they were taking.
The papule on the scrotum is probably secondary.
Flat, slightly raised, oblong papule is noticed at the base of scrotum.
21-3-91
115
25-3-91
139
99-2
This -was assumed to be from a puncture; but there is no sign of this having been made.
The papule found at the base of the sera turn is vesicular.
A
papule
is
In all there
103
101-2
Drawing made:
See Plate No. I. From the vesicle calf No. II was inocu-
lated. are
now
six
hard papules. One on the right thigh, and three close to the one
previously
26-3-91
found in the
perineum.
noticed
Lines of
original
inocu-
lation and punctures have faded away.
on
the perineum are new. Six characteristic vesicles ; four in a group, on the perineum, and 0116 on the right thigh. All have characteristic umbilications. Lymph was found oozing from some of the vesicles.
Drawingmade: See Plato No. II. Dr. Smyth, Resident
Surgeon, General visited the
Hospital,
depot and
saw the calf Calf No. Ill was inoculated from the secondary
vesicles on the perineum, one was left undisturbed for further observation.
July
KING ON ANIMAL VACCINE.
1893.] CALF No.
Date. 27-3-91
I?[Generation
of Animals.
Hour. Temp, 187
of
Lymph
Fapule.
from
Small-pox
Vesicle.
213
virus No.
Secondary Eruption.
Remarks.
Umbilication is very dis-
Several glandular enlargements were found in the lumbar region.
Scab.
103-6
1.]?(Continued.)
tinct. ?8-3-91
211
Umbilication has disappeared, scabbing has set
102-C 102-4
29-3-91
235
in. The
101'4
single undisturbed All
to retained vesicle, watch progress, has a firm scab?having the
101-6
4-4-91
lines and
of inoculation
punctures are
now
free from redness.
ordinary appearance of a small-pox scab.
Uninjured
scabs fell; but may have been detached when exhibiting the calf British Me-
at
dical Association on the evening of the 3rd
Note .?This animal
was
April.
inoculated unsuccessfully with fresh ordinary animal vaccine lymph with a like result on the 11 tli April 1891.
on
the
30th March
1891*.
This was repeated
CALF No. II. 24-3-91 48 72
100-4 102
101-2 103-0
Inoculated in
13 punctures and two lines with lymph from the vesicle on the scrotum of calf No. I.
Slightly raised; red blush more marked. Punctures distinctly rais-
ed and papular ; nothing distinguishable from or-
dinary cow-pox, except more general
perhaps
redness than usual this hour.
101
at Distinct pearly lines of vesicleformation, with centres depressed, giving the appearance of umbilication.
Inoculated buffalo. [This inoculation failed ; fresh ordinary animal lymph subsequently used also failed. By this result,
from the vesicles the scrotum of calf I was finally lost. Henceforth, success depended upon cultivation of lymph from the vesicles on the perineum of calf No. I, which had, fortunately, been transferred to calf No III.
lymph
on
No.
24-3-91
106
102-4
120
1Q2-4
Two papules apparently secondary, found one near
144
101-2
and the
other near the groin. Papules near the mamma and groin have developed
30-3-91
mamma,
W. G. K.]
caused a during shaving of linear shape was inoculated at the same time as other sites
An abrasion
with
a
practically
dry spatula, after apparent exhaus-
tion of now
lymph.
exhibits
_
This two
ridgecontinuous like vesicles. As regards the original sizo of punctures, which were all exhausted of lymph on the 28th March
into
vesicles
with
characteristic umbilications. There are two more papules apparently injured by moving the animal on the perineum. The papules near the mam_
ma
and
the
left and
right thighs have
now
developed They are symmetrical
into vesicles.
and round, and have deep umbilications and On the right areolae. thigh are two fresh pa-
pules noticed.
1891, they are again
filled with lymph. Round their central
depressions,
and
within the area arc small secondary papules to the extent of 12. 31-3-93
108
101-
The uninjured
vesi-
cles contain lymph but are losing their
pearly aspect, and are now of a duller whito.
27
INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
214
CALF No. Date.
Hour.
Temp, of Animals.
Papule.
1893.
[July
II.?(Continued.) Scab.
Vesicle.
loose and detached.
Remark
Secondary Eruption.
s.
Scabs
7-4-91
All the scabs have fallen, with the exception of one on the left
100-0
S-4-91
-
flank.
15-4-91 18-4-91
Inoculated with ordinary
fresh animal lymph at 8 a.m. by 15 punctures.
Bound the 15 punctures,
72
there
was
yesterday a slight redness, and it was thought likely the " vaccine would but it is now
take
seen
to
have failed completely.
CALF No. 26-3-91 27-3-91
of
Lymph
No.
3.]
102-2 23
101-4 102-6
28-3-91
Ill?[Generation
45
102-4 103-4
This calf was inoculated from the secondary vesiclcs in the perineum of calf No. I at 1 p.m.
Slight tinge
of redness round each insertion.
Morning.?"Lines
"
aro
raised ; punctures have
assumed the papular form ; red blush. No marked Evening. ?
101-4
29-3-91
102-6
30-3-91
93
101
change. Papules are'slightly more elevated than yesterday All insertions are now
distinctly vesicular,
103-2
including the secondary papules, be-
lines tween the mentioned in yesterday's note. The
lines
now
appear
loped.
(at 12-30)
fully
They
deve-
are
tense with lymph) and have the ordi-
nary appearance of
lines formed upon the abdomen of the calf during animal vaccime inoculation, except that they are full and raised to an extent 117
rarely
101-2
seen.
I
J j I
Between the two "lines" a papule of secondary origin has made its appearance. There are on the left thigh six papules, four of which have a shotty feeling ; no signs of redness about them. In the right groin there is one papule, and on the same thigh there are three. There is doubt whether these latter are caused by insect bites. They the shotty have not feeling as observed in the left thigh. Slight areolar redness around each puncture and lines.
the left thigh, the a have still shotty feeling. One has a whitish aspect, as if
On
papules
101-6
lymph
was
forming at right
On the
its apex.
thigh only one papule is now noticeable. It not the has shotty The " secondfeeling. " vesicle between ary the lines is now fully developed. It has not the central depression. A papule is now noticed half an inch from this
Drawing made. Drawing made.
Last night lymph was taken for inoculation from calf No. IV from all vesicles and lines except tho secondary one just described, and the four punctures ; the latter is now full of lymph, and has a flattened appearance with central depression ; has areola extending about half an inch.
an
vesicle. 5-4-91
238
101-4
Vesicles and ed.
are
opaque
6ightly flatten-
Undergoing the of scabbing.
process
Drawing made.
Second-
papules have still shotty feeling, and seem to have made no ary a
progress
ono
way
or
the
other ; i.e., as far as the left and right thighs
concerned. Suspicion arises that those tho thighs are from insect bites, and the only secondary vesicle is that noticed between the lines, which is now drying up. are on
[Subsequent experience would dictate that thoy were secondary papules, but that thoy aborted 8-4-91
101-2 Note.?Inoculated this calf with fresh
All scabs
ordinary lymph on
are
formed.
17th April 1891, using ten insertions.
W. G. K.J
All failed.
July
ICING ON ANIMAL VAOOlttE.
1893.]
CALF No. Date.
Hour.
30-3-91
At G-30 P.M.
31-3 91
24
Temp, of
39
of
Vesiolc.
Papule.
Animals.
Lymph No. 3.]
Scab.
R
Secondary Eruption.
E
MARKS.
This
j
| j! 2-4-91
1Y?[Generation
215
was inoculated at G-30 from calf No. III. There were made 93 punctures, 6 scarifications, and 12 lines.
site of punctures slightly elevated and red, and present all
Tlic
are
general '
appearance
vaccine
101- M. 102 2 E.
"
taking.
On the thin part of the skin in the groin, the papules
assuming
are now a vesicular
3-4-91
6
4-4-91
I OS
The vesicles are now well developed and tense with lymph. Tlicy have no areola or inflamm ation around them. The lines are broader than usually found in vaccine and not so elevated, hut
they
120
form.
Tlic elevation is not great, and there is no inflammatory redness. The appearance is that of mild vaccine of 96 hours.
are
Suspicious papule is felt,
I
This is now 108 hours It after inoculation.
has a decidedly shotty
feeling. There is also a large secondary papule
on
distinctly
vesicular throughout their course. The vesicles are now decidedly opaque ; surrounded each with an areola about i of an inch ; now becoming more flat-
101-2
the abdomen, which not noticed last
was
night.
Doubt is now felt as to the vssiclcs spoken of as '' secondary being truely of that nature. On "
using a magnifying glass ill the centre is found a slight elevation, as if caused by a puncture,
tened.
but there is no blood stain on it. A papule was found on the perineum yesterday. It has
7-1-91
101-6
|
j 8-4-91
184
102-0
9-4-91
228
101-2
! Opacity and commencing scabbing. The process of drying 1
I |
! !
1
II and III were exhibited to the Branch, British Medical Association, Madras, when it was concluded that the animal ?was free of secondary Transferred eruption. lymph at 1 p.m. from vesicles becoming opaque to calf No. VI.
An
apparently glandular in the enlargement lumbar region about the size of a shot was observed. It has been noticed that calves inoculated up to date are markedly tender over the lumbar region on pressure.
shotty feeling.
| Scabbing progressing.
is not yet complete. Each vesicle has an opaque appearance and is flattened? the size of each
being remarkably great when compared with ordinary vaccine. Each vesicle formed from a puncture is not less than the
area
of
a
"
Yanaiguiilarge dumani," whilst the " so broad are lines" that in the process of drying they look as if caused by a red, hoi iron.
12-4-91
Scabbing complet#.
CALF No.
V?[Generation
36
102*2
All lines and punctures have
5-4-91
101'4
0-4-91
_101j2
a
slight tinge
Lymph
No.
IV.]
if all
were
calf hour
lymph.
of
redness. Every line and puncture lias the usual slight redness surrounding them; as
101-2
of
from Inoculated No. IV with 96th
101-4
3-4-91 4-4-91
a
The vesicles arc large and opaque; lines arc j broad and full ; but slightly flattened ; j areola about J- inch.
Transferred lympli to calf No. V. Last night, this animal, as well as calves Nos. I,
"taking."
Punctures and lines are little more raised and are similar to vaccine results at this hour.
Drawing horn-.
made
at
53rd
CALF No. Date.
7-4-91
[July
INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
216
Hour.
98
Temp, of
V?[Generation
Lymph No. 4.]?(Continued.)
of
Scab.
Vesicle.
Papule,
Animals,
Secondary Eruption.
tened.
Areola
Remarks.
Drawing mado
Papules are large and very slightly flat-
100*2
1893.
98th
at
hour.
more
marked, especially
8-4-91
9-4-91
122
146
in the lines. Vesicles and lines are large and full. The undisturbed vesicles are similar to those of vaccine at this
103-4
A small secondary vesicle is found by the side of a vesicle. It is small and accumulated.
hour. Paste
122nd prepar-
at
was
ed from the vesicles and " stock" was retained as in case of failuro of
future transfers.
hour. Vesicles here bear no comparison as to size with those pro-
102
Drawing mado
duced with the opaque lymph on calf No. IV ; they are smaller. The same remark applies to the lines.
10-4-91
arising. Irrespective of also necessary to take special as at the time I was cultivating vaccine lymph for general distribution. It was, therefore, arranged that the animal to be inoculated was to be kept strictly separate from others in a disconnected building. The superintendents engaged on ordinary animal vaccination work were not permitted to handle the animal. The removal from the tubes of the virus by blowing, and the inoculation of the calf ANIMAL VACCINE?ITS ORIGIN AND were accomplished by myself, after disinfection CULTIVATION. of my hands in perchloride lotion, with instruBy W. G. King, m.b., c.m., d.Ph., Aberdeen, ments that had never been used for vaccination Surgeon-Major Indian Medical Service. purposes previously, and were, moreover, not(Continued from page bo.) withstanding this fact, sterilized by heat. To A VIGOROUS bull calf, nearly two years old, prevent further reference to this mater, I may was selected for this experiment. The hair was here add that the same precautions as to each red ; the abdomen and thighs were shaved as transfer were exercised?the instruments being usual in preparing for vaccine inoculation, and retained in my own possession and used only by myself, until the characteristics of vaccine bewere subsequently carefully washed with soap, then with perchloride ofmercury lotion (1?1000), ing fully established, it was considered safe to employ the lymph for general issue. Notes of and, lastly, with plenty of sterilized water. Four tubes of perfectly clear small-pox lymph the progress of the cultivation were carefully were available. These were supplied 011 my kept for me by Mr. Numbiar, l.m. & s., then one of my superintendents, from dictation by responsibility by a well-educated vaccinator of myself after much a during daily inspection of the animals. searching neighbouring district, The was placed in special charge same officer for a case willing to allow of the extraction of of the animals with the object ot seeing that in colwarned that lymph. He had been duly ?o and he was himself lecting the lymph, the utmost care should be not contamination occurred, inoculated with those allowed to handle taken that no contamination with ordinary vaccine occurred. Accordingly, in the act of collect- ordinary vaccine, and I am sure from the interest evinced by him every discretion was used ing it, he used new capillary tubes obtaining it in this matter. It is from these notes the foldirect from the fresh forming small-pox vesicles Tabular Statements have been compiled lowing by gently rupturing them; thereby avoiding with the object of placing events of defiuite the use of any instrument. The subject was a native female nine years of age, suffering from periods clearly before the reader. With re gard to calf No. I, it will be seen that the confluent form of small-pox she never the behaviour at the site of inoculation correwithwas The been vaccinated. lymph having drawn l>y the vaccinator in the presence of the sponds exactly to that described by the Lyon's the usual village munsiff and curnam. I also hold a certifi- Commission. There was exhibited the site at elevations success of to cate signed by the leading hopes village heads and certain re- of to vesiof but instead inoculation, proceeding spectable inhabitants vouching for the accuracy of the vaccinator's statements. On receipt of culation, these gradually and completely aborted. the lymph, I sent to the distant village one of But, in contrast with their observations, there at a distance from my medical superintendents?who was himself appeared secondary papules which subsethe inoculation, original site of deeply pitted with small-pox?Mr Thirumuttuthe disease. of course ran usual the l.m. & to quently see the case, and he certiswainy, s., These appeared in successive crops. Ihus, at fied that it was one of confluent small-pox. As first a single papule was discovered on the scroto the origin of the lymph, therefore, 1 consider tum. This was regarded as something too good there can be no doubt the same also may safely to be true, in view of the apparent justification be granted with regard to its uucontaminated which had been thus condition when it reached me?a fact that is, of M. Chauveau's opinions in any case, sufficiently confirmed by its be- far verified, and it was consequently examined with the greatest care; but I was forced to admit haviour in the calf. after use of a magnifying glass that, irrespecKnowing that those who doubt the possibility of cultivating vaccine I from small-pox virus tive of the knowledge that I had not wittingly have constantly managed to find some flaw in made any puncture ot the scrotum, there existthe manipulation necessary for inoculation, ed no such sign on the papule itself. At the 115th 26 vent any future doubt
this
fact, it precautions,
?viflimtt (^ommuniqatiomi.
was
INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
210
hour,
this
papule
had become
distinctly
vesicu-
lar?the upper aspect being flat and the centre depressed. At the same time a hard shot-like
papule was found in the perineum, but it was thought to be possibly due to an insect bite ; of this
could, however, hour, a total of
be six papules that were undoubtedly secondhad character developed ; four in the right, ary one on the left side of the perineum, and one on the. left thigh. By this time the papular elevations at the original site of inoculation had completely faded. At the 163rd hour, the second110
sign
discovered.
vesicles
By
cause
the 139th now of an
absolutely characteristic, distinctly marked umbilicatious in each instance.and, moreover, as shown by the tendency of some to ooze, they were unusually rich in lymph. I now considered the condition to be of sufficient importance, as to demand that my own testimony only should not be on record, and I sent au urgent message to SurgeonMajor Smyth, the Professor of Pathology, Medical College, Madras?au officer whose pathological experience is widely recognized. He accordingly very kindly came, and, after careful examination, fully agreed with me in my opinion as to the character of the vesicles. On examining calf No. I over the lumbar region, the animal seemed particularly tender, ?shrinking from the touch. This condition was ary
having
were
most
noted in all the animals of the first few transfers and necessarily reminded me forcibly of the lumbar pain, which forms so marked a symptom during the invasion of small-pox in the huOn shaving over the spot, subman being. cutaneous glandular enlargements were found 011 both sides of the lumbar region. In calf No. I the urine was scauty, high-coloured, and had a disagreeable odour. This calf suffered constitutionally, but not so the others, to a degree I have never seen follow inoculation with ordinary vaccine. In vaccine inoculations, the amount of disturbance produced?provided the lymph employed be fairly benign?seems to be in proportion to the greater or less number of insertions, -but, in this case, with obviously the most trivial insertions, the constitutional disturbance was so great that it was questionable whether the animal would survive. For several days, its nourishment was maintained solely by forcibly feeding it with milk, eggs, rum, congee, &c. These extreme
constitutional symptoms exhibited themselves subsequent to the full development of the secondAgain, as regards the behaviour ary vesicles. of the vesicles in the first transfer, a most marked characteristic was the rapidity with which, after
being apparently exhausted of _lymph b} expression forceps, they again filled up; showing extraordinary activity aud persistence in the pro-
of vesiculation. As regards the results during the successive transfers, it will be noted that the lymph taken
cess
[July
1893.
from the first secondary vesicle on the scrotum was lost on transmission to a buffalo. This animal proved insusceptible, both to this lymph and to subsequent inoculation with ordinary vaccine. My experiment would therefore have ended here, at the verge of success, had it not been for the occurrence of the further crop of secondary vesicles which was available, at the 163rd hour. It is from these secondary vesicles that cultivation was continued through calf No, III. In ascertaining the number of generations through which the lymph was passed before it was considered safe to employ it upon the human being, it must, therefore, be remembered that the transmission to calf No. II should not be included. Again, calf No. VI must also be excluded ; as it was not employed for transmission of the stock, but for a special experiment?the lymph produced by it being allowed to die out. It will be seen in the Tabular Statement, that, as the result of successive transfers, the secondary vesicles no longer appeared, and, notwithstanding the hot weather* in Madras where the experiment was conducted, the period occupied in development of the vesicles was that of normal vaccine. I had at command, therefore, that for which I had striven?a new stock of vaccine to replace what I considered to be a highly unsatisfactory material which passed under that name in the Madras Presidency, that had, in complete neglect of care as to cultivation, been maintained for many years from the strain derived from Bombay, which, in turn, was descended from virusf propagated by Warlomont from a case of natural There cow-pox in Naples. was 110 characteristic of true vaccine wanting as regards mode and time of development (allowance being made for the factor of tropical heat), physical appearances and constitutional results on the calf. It had further been proved to be of the same nature as ordinary vaccine, iii that animals inoculated with it, were incapable of infection with the former ; this precaution having been taken with the first animals (vide Tabular Statement.) I should now have been justified in issuing it for use 011 the human being; for it must be allowed that the recognition of true vaccine can only reasonably proceed 011 the same lines as the diagnosis of other diseases generally. We know that small-pox, measles, chicken-pox, have each their several local and constitutional characteristics, and 011 inspection we unhesitatingly pronounce them, on the evidThe ence thus available, to be so and so. in Dr. led is that which Uory, reply to a principle *
the present Royal Vaccination Comto how he could recognize a true vaccine vesicle, to state?" By the appearance
question by
mission, *
as
la the latter part of March, the average maximum is about 94*1?, the average miuimum TG'S0. ,In April 9G'3? and 78'9? respectively. f Imported by Dr. Blanc iu 1868,
usually
RECORD OF TEMPERATURE. TEMPERATURE. RECORD OF : Agk Name 6 Months. Narrainappa. Agk : 6 Months. Vaccinated Vaccinated Name:: Narrainappa.
No No. jI.
INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE, JVW
1893.]
: :
April 15, 1891. .April 15, 1891.
RECORD OF TEMPERATURE. Name: Hanumantha. Age: 6 Months, Vaccinated
No H. No. II.
TVtTAH MIDIOAI, OAZETTE,
JT7LT
1898.]
:
April 15, 1891.
July
893.]
KING ON ANIMAL VACCINE.
If you have a cabbage iu your you know it is a cabbage, and do not expect to be poisoned by it." I, however, resolved, as I had announced to the members of the South Indian Branch of the Medical Association, to whom I had the honour of exhibiting the animals 011 the 3rd of April 1891, that I would not issue the lymph for public vaccination till I was " completely satisfied that the true characteristics of vaccine lymph have been attained." On this ground, feeling that the question of possible reversion to original type ought to be entered into, I allowed a certain portion of the lymph in calf No. IV to advance to an extent sufficient to make it decidedly opaque, thereby certainly giving it the best chance, so far as our present of the vesicle.
garden
knowledge goes, to undergo reversion. With this opaque lymph, then I inoculated calf No. VI, the result was to show clearly that no reversion did occur, and that I was, therefore, now perfectly justified in issuing the stock. At my then head-quarters, the town of Madras, it was impossible for me to obtain an unvaccinated subject for love or money, the inhabitants of the parcherries for a great distance round my depot having been persuaded by evil-disposed vaccinators that they would be sent to jail if they brought their children to me, instead of the depot appointed by the municipality. Owing to this carefully organized opposition, I was forced to
give up any attempt at making experiments on subjects in municipal limits. Some time in consequence of this condition of previously, affairs, I had arranged with Mr. Gonsalvez,
Acting District Medical and of the Auantapur District, that he should undertake the trial of any variety of lymph I sent him, and furnish me with a report. This he probably the more readily consented to do, as the Government and the Surgeon-General with the Government of Madras had issued orders asking revenue and medical officers to kindly give me their help in the experimental issue of lanoline vaccine, which was then being introduced by me. I had necessarily not given Mr. Gonsalvez any information with respect to the nature ot lymphs formerly eent to him for report, tor obvious reasons, and I naturally adhered to this arrangement in the present instance. Mr. Gonsalvez, therefore, was able to approach the subject with a perfectly unprejudiced mind. As there was no small-pox in Anantapur which, however, existed iu Madras, his help was peculiarly valuable to me?as, even had I secured a subject in Madras, an attack of l.m.
& s., then
Sanitary Officer
small-pox naturally acquired might have completely vitiated the result of my work up to this point. This accident, or it may be some contamination of instruments, certainly vitiated the result of Dr. Shortt's work already referred to, his lymph having been used with safety in Madras town, where he had sent it for trial, but
211
in Aucot where he had cultivated it and where this disease was prevalent. In my instructions to Mr. Grousalvez, I required him to watch with care the local and constitutional symptoms, and to retain a temperature chart reporting daily by telegram as to progress of the vaccination.
being followed by small-pox
Mr. Gonsalvez' report is as follows:? Case No. 1.?Name, Narrainappa;
age, 6 4 number of of scarifications, ; vesicles, 4 ; date of vaccination, 15 th April 1891. In this case, four scarifications were made. For the first three days, the scarified parts became elevated. On the 5th day, the elevation became more marked, and on the evening of the On the 7th day, same, vesicles were seen. vesicles fully developed, centre depressed. On the 8th day, vesicles large aud contained clear transparent lymph, areola forming. On the 10th day, vesicles changed into pustules, and areola disappeared. On the 14th day, scab began to form. A chart, indicating temperature, is
months ; number
herewith attached. Case No.
Ram ; age f months; number of scarifications 4, date of vaccination, 15th April 1891.
2.?Name, Hanumantha
6
Four scarifications,
two on each arm were which for the first two days appeared red. On the 3rd day these were elevated, which on the 4th On the 5th more marked. became day day, minute vesicles were formed; these on the 7th day developed into full vesicles distended with clear virus, and the centre umbilicated. On the 8th day, the vesicles were seen more developed, and areola well marked. On the 14th day, scabs began to form, aud the areola disappeared. A chart, indicating temperature of the child vaccinated during the course, is herewith attached. It will be thus seen that the symptoms produced by the vaccination of the human subject were equally as characteristic as they had been on the calf.
made,
Having proceeded
on
tour
to
Ootacamund,
the hot weather resort of the Government of Madras, I vacciuated a large number of cases with my new stock of lymph preserved with lanoliue. The results were the production of splendid vesicles, williout any secondary symptoms. I then discontinued my former stock of lymph, in favour of this new and vigorous variety, aud from the Vaccination Supply Department, Banto the vaccinators of thirteen galore,
supplied
districts of the Madras Presidency enough pre-
served vaccine pulp for about 311,363 cases. In no instance was any approach to return to the original type of small-pox observed. But whilst in serving the large village populations of this country, such untoward results might
occur, and yet not be reported, this could not have escaped detection where cases were specially watched by medical officers. Luckily, in
one sense of the word, an epidemic of small-pox threatened the garrison of Bangalore, and in a few days 4,240 European and native soldiers, besides nearly all the officers, their wives and children, and all the followers were vaccinated. As required by regulations, the vaccination of soldiers and sepoys was watched during progress by the medical officers of the Medical Stafl and Indian Medical Department of the garrison. In not a single instance did any untoward result occur?a fact which not only shows that 110 reversion to type was perceived throughout the large population vaccinated, but also that the benign quality of the lymph as a result of careful cultivation, was well marked. The opinion of the principal medical officer responsible for the garrison of Bangalore, Surgeon-Colonel Inkson, who had in various parts of Europe and India every opportunity of judging of the effect of various strains of vaccine, was as follows:? "From the Administrative Medical Officer, Her Majesty's Forces, Belgauni Districts, to the officer in charge of the Special Vaccine Supply Depart-
ment, Bangalore,dated 7th July 1891, No. 959-E. "In reply to your letter No. 360 of 3rd instant,* I have the honour to state that I consider the animal lymph supplied from your depot is better and more efficacious than any other lymph I have seen supplied in this country. *
My letter asking opinion plied.?W. G. K.
as
to
CALF No. Date.
[July
INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
212
Hour.
Temp, of Animals.
quality
of the
lymph
I?[Generation Papule.
sup-
of
" 2. As regards the scarificator used by you> I can, from personal experience, say that it is an efficient and safe instrument, and that it causes little or no pain." The Madras Government, for reasons which, as their servant, it is not within my province to publicly criticize, issued an order in October 1891, with the object of completely eradicating the stock of lymph which resulted from this experiment. The Mysore Government having bought the majority of the equipment of the Madras Government Special Vaccine Supply Department, which was also abolished, have, however, continued my mode of preserving vesicle pulp, and, although for a short time their' medical adviser, on ascertaining the decision' of the Madras Government, caused the old Madras vaccine strain to be introduced, on personally seeing the results of cultivation side by side, he determined to return to my new stock of lymph which had, in the meantime, been carefully cultivated uucontaminated by Mr. Palpu, l.m. & s., formerly under my orders a Senior Superintendent of the Madras Govern-
Special Vaccine Supply Department. Under his charge the Mysore Government Vaccine Institute continues to this day to issue this lymph preserved by the lanoline process, for the conduct of all vaccinations in their own territory, and for sale to other parts of India. Notwithstanding thiswide distribution and prolonged use, in no case has any tendency
ment
a reversion to the been detected.
to
Lymph
Vesicle.
from
Small-pox
originaltype of small-pox
virus JNo. ij
Secondary Eruption.
Scab.
77
102-2
Remarks. This was inoculated with Oth day small-pox virus.
19-3-91 23-3-91
1893.
Faint blush and raising of skin. Two punctures
and five lines out of had a flush of redand slight eleva-
seven ness
tion, indicating that they were taking.
The papule on the scrotum is probably secondary.
Flat, slightly raised, oblong papule is noticed at the base of scrotum.
21-3-91
115
25-3-91
139
99-2
This -was assumed to be from a puncture; but there is no sign of this having been made.
The papule found at the base of the sera turn is vesicular.
A
papule
is
In all there
103
101-2
Drawing made:
See Plate No. I. From the vesicle calf No. II was inocu-
lated. are
now
six
hard papules. One on the right thigh, and three close to the one
previously
26-3-91
found in the
perineum.
noticed
Lines of
original
inocu-
lation and punctures have faded away.
on
the perineum are new. Six characteristic vesicles ; four in a group, on the perineum, and 0116 on the right thigh. All have characteristic umbilications. Lymph was found oozing from some of the vesicles.
Drawingmade: See Plato No. II. Dr. Smyth, Resident
Surgeon, General visited the
Hospital,
depot and
saw the calf Calf No. Ill was inoculated from the secondary
vesicles on the perineum, one was left undisturbed for further observation.
July
KING ON ANIMAL VACCINE.
1893.] CALF No.
Date. 27-3-91
I?[Generation
of Animals.
Hour. Temp, 187
of
Lymph
Fapule.
from
Small-pox
Vesicle.
213
virus No.
Secondary Eruption.
Remarks.
Umbilication is very dis-
Several glandular enlargements were found in the lumbar region.
Scab.
103-6
1.]?(Continued.)
tinct. ?8-3-91
211
Umbilication has disappeared, scabbing has set
102-C 102-4
29-3-91
235
in. The
101'4
single undisturbed All
to retained vesicle, watch progress, has a firm scab?having the
101-6
4-4-91
lines and
of inoculation
punctures are
now
free from redness.
ordinary appearance of a small-pox scab.
Uninjured
scabs fell; but may have been detached when exhibiting the calf British Me-
at
dical Association on the evening of the 3rd
Note .?This animal
was
April.
inoculated unsuccessfully with fresh ordinary animal vaccine lymph with a like result on the 11 tli April 1891.
on
the
30th March
1891*.
This was repeated
CALF No. II. 24-3-91 48 72
100-4 102
101-2 103-0
Inoculated in
13 punctures and two lines with lymph from the vesicle on the scrotum of calf No. I.
Slightly raised; red blush more marked. Punctures distinctly rais-
ed and papular ; nothing distinguishable from or-
dinary cow-pox, except more general
perhaps
redness than usual this hour.
101
at Distinct pearly lines of vesicleformation, with centres depressed, giving the appearance of umbilication.
Inoculated buffalo. [This inoculation failed ; fresh ordinary animal lymph subsequently used also failed. By this result,
from the vesicles the scrotum of calf I was finally lost. Henceforth, success depended upon cultivation of lymph from the vesicles on the perineum of calf No. I, which had, fortunately, been transferred to calf No III.
lymph
on
No.
24-3-91
106
102-4
120
1Q2-4
Two papules apparently secondary, found one near
144
101-2
and the
other near the groin. Papules near the mamma and groin have developed
30-3-91
mamma,
W. G. K.]
caused a during shaving of linear shape was inoculated at the same time as other sites
An abrasion
with
a
practically
dry spatula, after apparent exhaus-
tion of now
lymph.
exhibits
_
This two
ridgecontinuous like vesicles. As regards the original sizo of punctures, which were all exhausted of lymph on the 28th March
into
vesicles
with
characteristic umbilications. There are two more papules apparently injured by moving the animal on the perineum. The papules near the mam_
ma
and
the
left and
right thighs have
now
developed They are symmetrical
into vesicles.
and round, and have deep umbilications and On the right areolae. thigh are two fresh pa-
pules noticed.
1891, they are again
filled with lymph. Round their central
depressions,
and
within the area arc small secondary papules to the extent of 12. 31-3-93
108
101-
The uninjured
vesi-
cles contain lymph but are losing their
pearly aspect, and are now of a duller whito.
27
INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
214
CALF No. Date.
Hour.
Temp, of Animals.
Papule.
1893.
[July
II.?(Continued.) Scab.
Vesicle.
loose and detached.
Remark
Secondary Eruption.
s.
Scabs
7-4-91
All the scabs have fallen, with the exception of one on the left
100-0
S-4-91
-
flank.
15-4-91 18-4-91
Inoculated with ordinary
fresh animal lymph at 8 a.m. by 15 punctures.
Bound the 15 punctures,
72
there
was
yesterday a slight redness, and it was thought likely the " vaccine would but it is now
take
seen
to
have failed completely.
CALF No. 26-3-91 27-3-91
of
Lymph
No.
3.]
102-2 23
101-4 102-6
28-3-91
Ill?[Generation
45
102-4 103-4
This calf was inoculated from the secondary vesiclcs in the perineum of calf No. I at 1 p.m.
Slight tinge
of redness round each insertion.
Morning.?"Lines
"
aro
raised ; punctures have
assumed the papular form ; red blush. No marked Evening. ?
101-4
29-3-91
102-6
30-3-91
93
101
change. Papules are'slightly more elevated than yesterday All insertions are now
distinctly vesicular,
103-2
including the secondary papules, be-
lines tween the mentioned in yesterday's note. The
lines
now
appear
loped.
(at 12-30)
fully
They
deve-
are
tense with lymph) and have the ordi-
nary appearance of
lines formed upon the abdomen of the calf during animal vaccime inoculation, except that they are full and raised to an extent 117
rarely
101-2
seen.
I
J j I
Between the two "lines" a papule of secondary origin has made its appearance. There are on the left thigh six papules, four of which have a shotty feeling ; no signs of redness about them. In the right groin there is one papule, and on the same thigh there are three. There is doubt whether these latter are caused by insect bites. They the shotty have not feeling as observed in the left thigh. Slight areolar redness around each puncture and lines.
the left thigh, the a have still shotty feeling. One has a whitish aspect, as if
On
papules
101-6
lymph
was
forming at right
On the
its apex.
thigh only one papule is now noticeable. It not the has shotty The " secondfeeling. " vesicle between ary the lines is now fully developed. It has not the central depression. A papule is now noticed half an inch from this
Drawing made. Drawing made.
Last night lymph was taken for inoculation from calf No. IV from all vesicles and lines except tho secondary one just described, and the four punctures ; the latter is now full of lymph, and has a flattened appearance with central depression ; has areola extending about half an inch.
an
vesicle. 5-4-91
238
101-4
Vesicles and ed.
are
opaque
6ightly flatten-
Undergoing the of scabbing.
process
Drawing made.
Second-
papules have still shotty feeling, and seem to have made no ary a
progress
ono
way
or
the
other ; i.e., as far as the left and right thighs
concerned. Suspicion arises that those tho thighs are from insect bites, and the only secondary vesicle is that noticed between the lines, which is now drying up. are on
[Subsequent experience would dictate that thoy were secondary papules, but that thoy aborted 8-4-91
101-2 Note.?Inoculated this calf with fresh
All scabs
ordinary lymph on
are
formed.
17th April 1891, using ten insertions.
W. G. K.J
All failed.
July
ICING ON ANIMAL VAOOlttE.
1893.]
CALF No. Date.
Hour.
30-3-91
At G-30 P.M.
31-3 91
24
Temp, of
39
of
Vesiolc.
Papule.
Animals.
Lymph No. 3.]
Scab.
R
Secondary Eruption.
E
MARKS.
This
j
| j! 2-4-91
1Y?[Generation
215
was inoculated at G-30 from calf No. III. There were made 93 punctures, 6 scarifications, and 12 lines.
site of punctures slightly elevated and red, and present all
Tlic
are
general '
appearance
vaccine
101- M. 102 2 E.
"
taking.
On the thin part of the skin in the groin, the papules
assuming
are now a vesicular
3-4-91
6
4-4-91
I OS
The vesicles are now well developed and tense with lymph. Tlicy have no areola or inflamm ation around them. The lines are broader than usually found in vaccine and not so elevated, hut
they
120
form.
Tlic elevation is not great, and there is no inflammatory redness. The appearance is that of mild vaccine of 96 hours.
are
Suspicious papule is felt,
I
This is now 108 hours It after inoculation.
has a decidedly shotty
feeling. There is also a large secondary papule
on
distinctly
vesicular throughout their course. The vesicles are now decidedly opaque ; surrounded each with an areola about i of an inch ; now becoming more flat-
101-2
the abdomen, which not noticed last
was
night.
Doubt is now felt as to the vssiclcs spoken of as '' secondary being truely of that nature. On "
using a magnifying glass ill the centre is found a slight elevation, as if caused by a puncture,
tened.
but there is no blood stain on it. A papule was found on the perineum yesterday. It has
7-1-91
101-6
|
j 8-4-91
184
102-0
9-4-91
228
101-2
! Opacity and commencing scabbing. The process of drying 1
I |
! !
1
II and III were exhibited to the Branch, British Medical Association, Madras, when it was concluded that the animal ?was free of secondary Transferred eruption. lymph at 1 p.m. from vesicles becoming opaque to calf No. VI.
An
apparently glandular in the enlargement lumbar region about the size of a shot was observed. It has been noticed that calves inoculated up to date are markedly tender over the lumbar region on pressure.
shotty feeling.
| Scabbing progressing.
is not yet complete. Each vesicle has an opaque appearance and is flattened? the size of each
being remarkably great when compared with ordinary vaccine. Each vesicle formed from a puncture is not less than the
area
of
a
"
Yanaiguiilarge dumani," whilst the " so broad are lines" that in the process of drying they look as if caused by a red, hoi iron.
12-4-91
Scabbing complet#.
CALF No.
V?[Generation
36
102*2
All lines and punctures have
5-4-91
101'4
0-4-91
_101j2
a
slight tinge
Lymph
No.
IV.]
if all
were
calf hour
lymph.
of
redness. Every line and puncture lias the usual slight redness surrounding them; as
101-2
of
from Inoculated No. IV with 96th
101-4
3-4-91 4-4-91
a
The vesicles arc large and opaque; lines arc j broad and full ; but slightly flattened ; j areola about J- inch.
Transferred lympli to calf No. V. Last night, this animal, as well as calves Nos. I,
"taking."
Punctures and lines are little more raised and are similar to vaccine results at this hour.
Drawing horn-.
made
at
53rd
CALF No. Date.
7-4-91
[July
INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
216
Hour.
98
Temp, of
V?[Generation
Lymph No. 4.]?(Continued.)
of
Scab.
Vesicle.
Papule,
Animals,
Secondary Eruption.
tened.
Areola
Remarks.
Drawing mado
Papules are large and very slightly flat-
100*2
1893.
98th
at
hour.
more
marked, especially
8-4-91
9-4-91
122
146
in the lines. Vesicles and lines are large and full. The undisturbed vesicles are similar to those of vaccine at this
103-4
A small secondary vesicle is found by the side of a vesicle. It is small and accumulated.
hour. Paste
122nd prepar-
at
was
ed from the vesicles and " stock" was retained as in case of failuro of
future transfers.
hour. Vesicles here bear no comparison as to size with those pro-
102
Drawing mado
duced with the opaque lymph on calf No. IV ; they are smaller. The same remark applies to the lines.
10-4-91
