Veterinary Medical Ethics  Déontologie vétérinaire Ethical question of the month — June 2013 Farm dogs are often left intact which can result in unplanned litters of puppies that are advertised at the lane end for $20 to $50. Equally common are kittens born in barns and advertised as free. These puppies and kittens are taken by well-meaning people who often cannot afford a purebred dog, a pet store puppy or kitten, or even a shelter animal. These pets are well cared for and dewormed with a pet store anthelmintic, but seldom if ever see their local veterinarian unless a rabies vaccination is required by law. These dogs and cats play important roles in families with limited financial resources. If a serious medical condition arises in early or mid-life that necessitates expensive veterinary care or euthanasia, a crisis can result. The owners appear at the veterinarian’s office, sometimes for the first time in the life of the pet, desperate for assistance but without the means to pay. Veterinarians in rural areas receive a disproportionately large number of these cases and the nature of small towns ensures that the local community will soon be aware of whatever decision the veterinarian made in the case. Although treating the pet at a greatly reduced cost can have a positive effect on public relations, it can also produce a stream of “new” clients who did not realize that “free” veterinary care was available. Is there a way to assist these “non-clients” without opening the door to every dog and cat in the community in need of veterinary care and owned by individuals who are either unable or unwilling to pay? Should there be a means test for owning a pet?

Question de déontologie du mois — Juin 2013 Les chiens de ferme sont souvent laissés intacts, ce qui peut produire des portées de chiots non désirés qui sont annoncés au bout du chemin à un prix de 20 $ à 50 $. Les chatons nés dans les granges et offerts gratuitement sont tout aussi fréquents. Ces chiots et chatons sont adoptés par des personnes bien intentionnées qui n’ont souvent pas les moyens de s’acheter un chien de race, un chiot ou un chaton d’une animalerie ou même un animal de refuge. Ces animaux sont bien traités et vermifugés avec un anthelminthique de l’animalerie, mais ils visitent rarement, voire jamais, leur vétérinaire local à moins qu’une vaccination contre la rage soit exigée par la loi. Ces chiens et chats occupent une place importante dans les familles ayant des ressources financières limitées. Si, au début ou au milieu de la vie, il se déclare une affection médicale grave qui nécessite des soins vétérinaires dispendieux ou l’euthanasie, une crise peut éclater. Les propriétaires se présentent au bureau du vétérinaire, parfois pour la première fois de la vie de l’animal, désespérés d’obtenir de l’aide mais sans les moyens de payer. Les vétérinaires dans les régions rurales reçoivent un nombre disproportionnellement important de ces cas et la nature des petites villes fait en sorte que la collectivité est bientôt au courant de la décision prise par le vétérinaire. Même si le traitement d’un animal à un coût considérablement réduit peut avoir un effort positif sur les relations publiques, cela peut aussi créer un groupe de «nouveaux» clients qui ne savaient pas qu’il y avait des soins vétérinaires «gratuits». Y a-t-il une façon d’aider ces «non-clients» sans ouvrir la porte à tous les chiens et chats de la collectivité qui ont besoin de soins vétérinaires et appartiennent à des personnes qui ne peuvent pas ou ne veulent pas payer? Devrait-il y avoir un examen des ressources pour la possession d’un animal de compagnie? Responses to the case presented are welcome. Please limit your reply to approximately 50 words and forward along with your name and address to: Ethical Choices, c/o Dr. Tim Blackwell, Veterinary Science, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 6484 Wellington Road 7, Unit 10, Elora, Ontario N0B 1S0; telephone: (519) 846-3413; fax: (519) 846-8178; e-mail: [email protected] Suggested ethical questions of the month are also welcome! All ethical questions or scenarios in the ethics column are based on actual events, which are changed, including names, locations, species, etc., to protect the confidentiality of the parties involved.

Les réponses au cas présenté sont les bienvenues. Veuillez limiter votre réponse à environ 50 mots et nous la faire parvenir par la poste avec vos nom et adresse à l’adresse suivante : Choix déontologiques, a/s du Dr Tim Blackwell, Science vétérinaire, ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Alimentation et des Affaires rurales de l’Ontario, 6484, chemin Wellington 7, unité 10, Elora, (Ontario) N0B 1S0; téléphone : (519) 846-3413; télé­ copieur : (519) 846-8178; courriel : [email protected] Les propositions de questions déontologiques sont toujours ­bienvenues! Toutes les questions et situations présentées dans cette chronique s’inspirent d’événements réels dont nous modifions certains éléments, comme les noms, les endroits ou les espèces, pour protéger l’anonymat des personnes en cause.

Use of this article is limited to a single copy for personal study. Anyone interested in obtaining reprints should contact the CVMA office ([email protected]) for additional copies or permission to use this material elsewhere. L’usage du présent article se limite à un seul exemplaire pour étude personnelle. Les personnes intéressées à se procurer des ­réimpressions devraient communiquer avec le bureau de l’ACMV ([email protected]) pour obtenir des exemplaires additionnels ou la permission d’utiliser cet article ailleurs. CVJ / VOL 54 / JUNE 2013

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D É O N TO LO G I E V É T É R I N A I R E

Ethical question of the month — March 2013 Veterinary practice incomes are falling in many parts of the country. The decline is attributed in part to the struggling economy and a concomitant drop in disposable income. Most suggestions on how to improve veterinary incomes concern increasing revenue per client. One can increase veterinary services per client by appealing to a “putting the animal first” philosophy; however, it seems inappropriate to recommend veterinary services on the basis of a positive or negative cash flow. Accepting that veterinary medicine is a profession and a business, how does one balance the business with professional and medically appropriate veterinary care?

Question de déontologie du mois — Mars 2013 Les revenus des pratiques vétérinaires connaissent un recul dans de nombreuses régions du pays. La chute est attribuée en partie à une économie chancelante et à une baisse parallèle du revenu disponible. La plupart des suggestions sur la façon d’améliorer les revenus vétérinaires portent sur l’accroissement des revenus par client. Il est possible d’accroître les services vétérinaires par client en faisant appel à une philosophie qui « met l’animal en premier »; cependant, il semble inapproprié de recommander des services vétérinaires sur la base d’une encaisse positive ou négative. Si l’on accepte que la médecine vétérinaire est à la fois une profession et une entreprise commerciale, comment peut-on équilibrer l’aspect commercial et des soins vétérinaires appropriés sur le plan médical?

Comment “In some respects, the practice of veterinary medicine is merely a part of the ‘social contract’ — in exchange for being granted a monopoly in our society to provide healthcare to animals the practitioner is required to behave himself or herself — to conduct one’s practice with a high regard to professionalism and ethical conduct” (1). Therefore, if the practice is unable to support itself in a struggling economy and a drop in disposable income, without unethical/unprofessional pressures on clients for unneeded or unnecessary services, the veterinarian should close the business. This being said, it has been my experience that the vast majority of patients require more veterinary care

than either the client or the veterinarian (at times) is willing to provide. In my opinion, very few veterinarians are focused on increasing client revenues by attempting to sell services not required by the patient.

Reference 1. Jack, DC. VetLaw: The social contract. Canadian Vet 2013;8:4.

Clayton MacKay, DVM, Veterinary Consultant, Nobleton, Ontario

An ethicist’s commentary on balancing business and veterinary care I certainly believe that, regardless of financial circumstances, one should not prescribe unneeded services in order to increase cash flow. On the other hand, veterinary medicine is indeed a business in addition to being a calling, and thus it is not sustainable on a regular basis to cut charges for the sake of a client’s financial circumstances. As I have often remarked, a veterinarian’s primary duty is to the animal, and its well-being. That is primarily a conceptual point well-articulated by Plato — the goal of any craftsman is to improve the value of any material he or she works on, whether one is a goldsmith working on gold, or a veterinarian working on a sick animal. Thus, one should never compromise an animal’s health or welfare in order to save money. On the other hand, one can take a lesson from veterinarians like Dr. Brian Forsgren, who has chosen to devote much of his professional life to lower income clients. Dr. Forsgren often forcefully remarks that poor people do not love their animals any less than rich people do — and possibly more so! In any case, there are ways of cutting costs without sacrificing animal health and welfare. Not every fracture needs to be pinned and plated — a good surgeon can do the job with a cast, thereby saving significant money. Rather than ordering expensive tests to confirm every diagnosis, one can use one’s eyes, ears, nose,

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and touch to diagnose quite well. (Too many veterinary students are taught to rely on expensive tests instead of honing their diagnostic skills.) The point is that it is not the case that non-high-tech modalities are necessarily inferior, nor are less expensive treatment modalities such as generic drugs. Other, more creative ways of cutting the bill are bartering for services or goods, or letting the client pay over time. Nor does such an approach necessarily equate to poverty for the practitioner. Dr. Forsgren’s practice is reasonable, effective, and lucrative, even though money is not his primary motivation. Obviously, one can also increase the number of cases one sees in a day of practice. Particularly in hard times, it is unwise for veterinary schools to teach only Cadillac medicine. Much good medicine can be done at less expense while husbanding resources. Achieving a balance between available resources and good medicine represents yet another way in which medicine is an art, as well as a science.

Bernard E. Rollin, PhD

CVJ / VOL 54 / JUNE 2013

An ethicist's commentary on balancing business and veterinary care.

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