AN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS INFORMATION SYSTEM A.T.M. J A M I L , M. A L I D R I S I , M.S. A L - J I F F R Y , M . A . J E F R I and F. E R T U R K
Department of Industrial Engineering, King AbduIaziz University, P.O. Box 9027, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia (Received March 1991)
Abstract. This paper reports on the development of an environmental stress information system (ESIS) for the purpose of storing, updating and analysing environmental stress data related to noise, heat, improper illumination and air contaminants. The information system (ESIS) consists of a set of programs as well as a set of data base files for the purpose of efficient data processing. The system is user-friendly and, once started, guides the user with the help of menu-driven options. All data related to noise, heat, illumination and air contaminants can be entered, updated, displayed or printed in certain specified formats. Finally, the use of the ESIS in evaluating air contaminants such as total suspended particles, certain specified metals and inorganic gases in the Jeddah Industrial estate is also reported.
1. Introduction The effect of environmental stresses on the health and well-being of industrial workers and in turn on their productivity is now well recognised. Such stresses include thermal and noise stresses and those resulting from air contaminants and improper illumination at work places. For this reason, consistent monitoring and evaluation of different types of environmental stresses in industries is desirable. An example of a detailed study of environmental stresses in Jeddah industrial zone was reported in Ref. [1]. Due to the huge amount of data associated with such global studies, the use of a computer system to store, update and analyze such data becomes essential. The objective of this paper is to report the development of an environmental stress information system (ESIS) consisting of a set of programs as well as a set of database files for the purpose of efficient data processing. The system is user-friendly and, once started, guides the user with the help of menu-driven options. All the data related to noise, heat, illumination and air contaminants can be entered, updated, displayed or printed in specified formats. Section 2 of this paper gives a brief description of the system's components and its hardware/software requirements. A brief description of the data base, index, and program files is presented in Sections 2.1-2.3. The overall system configuration is given in Section 3. Section 4 provides some reports produced byi ESIS on the evaluation of air contaminants in the Jeddah Industrial area. Summary and conclusions are finally given in Section 5. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 22: 213-226, 1992. (~) 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
214
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
TABLE I List of data base files and program files. DATA #
FILE NAME
1
FACFILE.DBF
2
NDF.DBF
BASE FILES
PROGRAM FILES
INDEX
INDEXING
FILES
FIELD
TYPE OF DATA
FILE NAME
FFAC.NDX NFACTNO.NDX
FACT NO
FACTORY DATA
ESIS. Prg
FACTNO
NOISE DATA
NDATA.PRG
FACTNO
ILLUMINATION
NFC. PRG
FACTNO
HEAT STRESS
LOATA.PRG
FACTNO
AIR POLL. (PARTICULATES)[
HDATA.PRG
FACT NO
AIR POLL. (GRAVIMETRIC)
ADATA.PRG
FACTNO
AIR POLL. (METAL)
GRAVAN.PRG
FACT NO
AIR POLL. (GAS) DATA DESCRIPTION OF ALL
METAN.PRG GASAN.PRG
FILES
FDATA.PRG
3
LDF.DBF
4
HDF.OBF
5
ADF.DBF
6
GRAVDF.DBF
7
METDF.DBF
LFACTNO.NDX HFACTNO.NOX AFACTNO.NOX GRAFAC.NDX METFACT.NDX
8
GAS.DBF
GASFAC.NDX
9
DESCF.DBF
FPRINT.PRG FHAND.PRG CRINF. PRG
2. The System Components The system consists of about 9 data base files, 8 index files and 13 program files. Table I shows the list of all the database files and program files. The index files are related to specific data base files as shown in Table I. The first 8 files in Table I store data related to different environmental stresses. Some of the files also include some calculated data fields. The ninth database file, viz. DESCEdbf, stores the description of the data fields of the first eight files. The list of the program files is given in Table I. ESIS was developed in Dbase III+ language because of its obvious superiority in data base management. The system can be run on any IBM PC or compatible with 640 kByte memory and 2 disk drives. A hard disk would be an added advantage. Any standard printer is compatible with the system. 2.1. DATA BASE FILES A brief description of the data base files follows. FACFILE.DBF: This file stores basic data about each factory. The record structure and the description of the fields are given in Table II. ADF.DBF: The data related to air pollution (total particulates) are stored in this file. Again, data taken from a particular area of a factory are represented by one record in the file. Table III represents the file structure and description of fields in each record.
215
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS INFORMATION SYSTEM
TABLE II File structure of field description of FACFILE.DBF. FIELD FIELDNAME DESCRIPTION
TYPE
WIDTH
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 B
FACT NO FACT NAME NAME2 IX) BOX CITY VENTURE TYPE PRODTYPE
FACTORYNUMBER FACTORYNAME FACTORY NAME ( CONTINUED ) P(kST OFFICE BOX NAMEOF CITY IN WHICH LOCATED NAMESOF PARTNERCOUNTRIES IF ANY GENERAL TYPEOF INDUSTRY TYPEOF PRODUCTSMADE
Numeric Character Character Character Character Character Character Character
3 30 30 6 B 28 13 ,IB
9 10 11 12 13
SHIFTS NO_~4ORKER AREA CONTACT TEL
NUMBER OF WORKINGSHIFTS NUMBEROF WORKERS APPROX. AREAIN SQ. METER NAMEOF CONTACT IN THE FACTORY TELEPHONE NUMBEROF CONTACT
Numeric Numeric Numeric Character Nun~ric
3 3 5 30 7
14 15
SIZE NDATAN
APPROX. SIZE ( VB,B,M,S ) NO. OF NOISE DATACOLLECTED
Character Numeric
2 3
16 17 18 19 20
NDATAL NDATAH NDATAA NDATAGR NDATAMET
NO. OF ILLUM. DATACOLLECTED NO OF HEATSTRESSDATACOLLECTED NO. OF AIR POLL ( PARTII.)DATACOLLECTED NO. OF GRAVIMETRIC DATACOLLECTED NO. OF AIR POLL. (METAL) DATACOLLECTED
Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric
3 3 3 3 3
21
NDATAGAS
NO. OF AIR POLL(GAS) DATACOLLECTED
Numeric
3
22 23
NDATA LDATA
STATUS - NOISEDATACOLLECTION STATUS- ILLU. DATACOLLECTION,
Character Character
1 l
24 25
HDATA ADATA
STATUS- HEATSTRESSDATACOLLECTION STATUS- AIR POLL(PART.) DATACOLLECTION
Character Character
1 1
26
GRDATA
STATUSAIR POLL( GP&V.) DATACOLLECTION
Character
l
27 28
METDATA GASDATA
STATUS-AIRPOLL. (METAL) DATACOLLECTION STATUS-AIR POLL. (GAS) DATACOLLECTION
Character Character
1 I
LDF.DBF: This file stores the illumination data along with some calculated data. Each record represents the data related to one particular area of a factory. The record structure and description of the fields are given in Table IV. The description of the codes used in some fields are given in Table V. NDF.DBF: This file stores the noise pollution data. The data taken at each location in a factory is represented by one record in the file. The record structure and the description of the fields are given in Table VI. HDF.DBF: Heat stress data are stored in this file. The data obtained from each area of a factory are represented by one record in the file. The record structure and the description of the fields are given in Table VII. GRAVDKDBF: This file is used to store air pollution data (Gravimetric). The file structure and the field descriptions are given in Table VIII.
216
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
TABLE III Structure and field description of ADF.DBF.
FIELD
FIELD N A M E
FIELD D E S C R I P T I O N
TYPE
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
FACT NO FACT N A M LOC ARF FRATE STIME SVOL CPDS I IWTS I FWTSI WTCS I GMDSl WPCS I PBCS I CPDS2 IWTS2 FWTS2 WTCS2 GMDS2 WPCS2 PBCS2 CPDS3 IWTS3 FWTS3 WTCS3 GMDS3 WPCS3 PBCS3 CPDS5 IWTS 5 FWTS 5 WTCS5 GMDS 5 WPCS5 PBCS5 CPDSB IWTSB FWTSB WTCSB GMDSB WPCSB PBCSB N A M E DC
FACTORY NUMBER F A C T O R Y NAME L O C A T I O N OR A R E A NO. TYPE OR F U N C T I O N OF A R E A S A M P L I N G FLOW R A T E SAMPLING TIME SAMPLING VOLUME CUT PARTICLE DIA. STAGE I INITIAL W E I G H T STAGE I F I N A L WEIGHT S T A G E I W E G H T C O L L E C T E D A T STAGE I G E O M E T R I C M E A N DIA. STAGE I W E I G H T P E R C E N T STAGE I P E R C E N T B E L O W CUT DIA S T A G E I CUT P A R T I C L E DIA STAGE 2 INITIAL W E I G H T STAGE 2 FINAL W E I G H T S T A G E 2 W E I G H T C O L L E C T E D A T STAGE 2 G E O M E T R I C M E A N D I A STAGE 2 W E I G H T P E R C E N T STAGE 2 P E R C E N T B E L O W CUT DIA S T A G E 2 CUT A P R T I C L E D I A STAGE 3 INITIAL W E I G H T STAGE 3 FINAL WEIGHT STAGE 3 W E I G H T C O L L E C T E D A T STAGE 3 G E O M E T R I C M E A N D I A STAGE 3 WEIGHT PERCENT STAGE 3 P E R C E N T B E L O W CUT DIA S T A G E 3 CUT P A R T I C L E D I A STAGE 5 INITIAL W E I G H T STAGE 5 FINAL WEIGHT STAGE 5 W E I G H T C O L L E C T E D A T STAGE 5 G E O M E T R I C M E A N D I A STAGE 5 WEIGHT PERCENT STAGE 5 P E R C E N T B E L O W CUT D I A S T A G E 5 CUT P A R T I C L E D I A BACKUP S T A G E INITIAL W E I G H T B A C K U P S T A G E F I N A L WEIGHT B A C K U P STAGE WEIGHT COLLECTED AT BACKUP STAGE G E O M E T R I C M E A N D I A BACKUP STAGE W E I G H T P E R C E N T BACKUP S T A G E PERCENT B E L O W C U T DIA B A C K U P STAGE N A M E OF D A T A C O L L E C T O R
Numeric Character Numeric Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character
WIDTH
3 15 2 15 6 6 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 15
ENVIRONMENTALSTRESS INFORMATIONSYSTEM
2 ]7
TABLE IV Field description of illumination data file (LDF). FIELD NAME
FIELD DESCRIPTION
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
FACT NO OBS_DATE ZNO ZFUNC ZSHAPE LDES NLT] W NLTI NW NLT2 W NLT2 NW NLT3 W NLT3 NW FCD0 FCN0 FCNAT FCD_PI FCN PI FCD_P2 FCN_P2 FCD_P3 FCN_P3 FCD_P4 FeN_P4 FCD_P5 FCNP5 FLD PI FLNPI FLD P2 FLN P2 FLDP3 FLNP3 FLD P4 FLN '_P4 FLDP5
35
FLN35
36 37 38 39 40
UF MF FCTHO FCTHN NAME_DC
FACTORY NUMBER DATE OF OBSERVATION ZONE N U M B E R FUNCTION OF THE ZONE SHAPE OF THE ZONE LIGHTING DESIGN NO OF LIGHTS TYPEI -WORKING NO. OF LIGHTS TYPEI-NOT W O R K I N G NO OF LIGHTS TYPE2 -WORKING NO OF LIGHTS TYPE2- NOT W O R K I N G NO OF LIGHTS TYPE3- W O R K I N G NO OF LIGHTS TYPE3- NOT W O R K I N G OBSERVED FOOT CANDLE- DAY TIME OBSERVED FOOT CANDLE -NIGHT TIME ILLUMINATION FROM N A T U R A L LIGHT (FC) DAY ILLUMINATION AT POINT I ( FC ) DAY ILLUMINATION AT POINT I ( FC ) DAY I L L U M I N A T I O N AT POINT 2 ( FC ) NIGHT ILLUMINATION AT P O I N T 2 ( FC ) DAY ILLUMINATION AT POINT 3 ( FC ) NIGHT ILLUMINATION AT POINT 3 ( FC ) DAY ILLUMINATION AT POINT 4 ( FC ) NIGHT ILLUMINATION AT POINT 4 ( FC ) DAY I L L U M I N A T I O N AT POINT 5 ( FC ) NIGHT ILLUMINATION AT POINT 5 ( FC ) DAY BRIGHTNESS AT POINT I ( FL ) NIGHT BRIGHTNESS AT POINT I ( FL ) DAY BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 2 ( FL ) NIGHT BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 2 ( FL ) DAY BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 3 ( FL ) NIGHT BRIGHTNESS AT P O I N T 3 ( FL ) DAY BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 4 ( FL ) NIGHT BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 4 ( FL ) DAY BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 5 ( FL ) NIGHT BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 5 ( FL ) UTILITY FACTOR MAIN FACTOR THEORITICAL ILLUMINATION OBSERVED(FC) THEORETICAL ILLUM. NEW C O N D I T I O N (FC) NAME OF DATA COLLECTOR
FIELD
FIELD TYPE Numeric Date Numeric Character Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character
WIDTH 3 8 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5, 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 l0
METDF.DBF: This file stores air pollution (metal particles) data collected from factories. Data related to each metal in an area of a factory are represented by one record. Table IX represents the file structure and field descriptions. GASDF.DBF: The data related to air pollution (gas) in the factories are stored in this file. The corresponding file structure and the field descriptions are given in Table X.
218
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
TABLE V Description of codes used in 'LDF.dbf'.
FIELD
CODE D E S C R I P T I O N
CODE
Symmetrically spaced than two rows.
LDES
luminaires
in more
01
R e g u l a r area w i t h single luminaire.
symmetrically
located
02
R e g u l a r area with luminaires.
single
row of individual
R e g u l a r area w i t h two or more rows of luminaires.
04
R e g u l a r area w i t h luminaires.
single row of continuous
05
R e g u l a r area w i t h ceiling.
luminaires
06
Irregular Shape
continuous
03
design.
or lower all
07
Regular
R
Irregular
I
NLT
1
Fluorescent
NLT
2
Incandescent
NLT
3
Mercury
DESCKDBF: This file contain the field description of the first eight files in Table I. Each record consists of two fields: the first field contains the name of fields in the data files and the second field contains the field descriptions. 2.2. INDEX FILES The system uses quite a few index files. The names of these files and their relation to data base files are given in Table I.
2.3. P R O G R A M FILES The system consists of 13 different program files as shown in Table I as well as in Figure 1. The first program ESIS.PRG is an executive program which controls the complete system. Each of the remaining programs is responsible for specific func-
219
ENVIRONMENTALSTRESSINFORMATIONSYSTEM
TABLE VI Description of data fields of NDF.DBF.
FIELD
FIELD
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
FACT FACT
w
NAME NO NAME
OBS_DATE LOC NO SEL LEQ_RMS MAX RMS MIN RMS MAX PEAK MIN PEAK OBS--TIME NAME DC
DESCRIPTION FACTORY NUMBER FACTORY NAME DATE OF OBSERVATION LOCATION NUMBER SOUND ENERGY LEVEL EQUIV. SOUND ENERGY LEVEL(dBA) MAX. SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL(RMS) MIN. SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL(RMS) MAXIMUM PEK PRESSURE LEVEL MINIMUM PEAK PRESSURE LEVEL DURATION OF OBSERVATION NAME OF DATA COLLECTOR
TYPE Numeric Character Date Numeric Numeric Numeric iNumeric Numeric Numeric Numeric ~Numeric Character
WIDTH 3 15 8 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 10
TABLE VII Structure and descriptionof data fields of HDF.DBF.
FIELD I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
FIELD NAME
FIELD DESCRIPTION
FIELD TYPE
WIDTH
FACT NO FACT NAME ZN0 ZFUNC 0BS DATE OBS TIME ATM-COND D ACCL CLOTHING GLT NWBT AIRT WBGT METR REF WBGT CON~L MREFRATE DEV NAME DC
FACTORY NUMBER FACTORY NAME ZONE NUMBER FUNCTION OF THE ZONE DATE OF OBSERVATION TIME OF OBSERVATION ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION DEGREE OF ACCLAMATISATIO. CLOTHING STATUS GLOBE TEMPERATURE (C) NATURAL WET BULB TEMPERATURE (C) AIR TEMPERATURE (C) WET BULB GLOBE TEMPARATURE (C) MEATBOLIC RATE REFERNCE WETBULB GLOBE TEMP.(C) CONCLUSION REFERENCE METABOLIC RATE PERCENT DEVIATION NAME OF DATA COLLECTOR
Numeric Character Numeric Character Date Character Character Character Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character Character Numeric Character
3 20 2 20 8 7 9 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 9 6 10
tions such as producing outputs, maintaining data base files etc. A brief description of the programs is given below. E S I S . P R G : This main executive program controls entry into the rest of the pro-
220
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
TABLE VIII Structure and description of data fields of GRAVDF.DBF.
FIELD
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
'~
FIELD NAME
FIELD DESCRIPTION
F I E L D TYPE
WIDTH
FACT NO ZNO ZFUNC ~ OBS NO WI W2 QI Q2 DATEI TI DATE2 T2 DELTIME CONC NAME DC
FACTORY NUMBER ZONE N U M B E R F U N C T I O N O F T H E ZONE OBSERVATION NUMBER INITIAL W E I G H T ( g ) FINAL WEIGHT ( g ) INITIAL O B S E R V E D F L O W R A T E (cfm) F I N A L O B S E R V E D F L O W R A T E (cfm) STARTING DATE TIME OF S T A R T I N G FINISHING DATE TIME OF F I N I S H E L A P S E D T I M E ( hrs ) C O N C E N T R A T I O N ( mg/ c u . m ) N A M E OF D A T A C O L L E C T O R
Numeric Numeric Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Date Character Date Character Numeric Numeric Character
3 2 I0 2 7 7 3 3 8 8 8 8 6 7 I0
TABLE IX Structure and descriptionof data fieldsof METDF.DBF.
FIELD I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
FIELD NAME F A C T NO ZNO ZFUNC OBS NO METAL WFP WPART ABS SLOPE ACVOL QI Q2 T CONCAIR N A M E DC
FIELD D E S C R I P T I O N FACTORY N U M B E R ZONE N U M B E R F U N C T I O N OF THE ZONE OBSERVATIO NUMBER TYPE OF M E T A L WEIGHT OF W H O L E F I T E R (gms) WT. OF F I L T E R S A M P L E ( gms ) A B S O R B A N C E IN AAS ( A ) SLOPE OF CALIB. C U R V E ACID V O L U M E ( ml ) INITIAL F L O W R A T E ( cfm ) FINAL F L O W R A T E ( c f m ) S A M P L I N G TIME CONCEN. OF M E T A L IN A I R (mg/cu m) N A M E OF D A T A C O L L E C T O R
TYPE Numeric Numeric Character Numeric Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character
WIDTH 3 2 10 3 6 7 7 7 6 3 3 3 5 7 10
gram through menu options. Also, certain environmental conditions and flags are set in this program for smooth running of the system. Figure 2 shows schematically the main menu which connects this program with other programs, thus integrating it into a system.
221
ENVIRONMENTALSTRESS INFORMATIONSYSTEM
TABLE X Structure and description of data fields of GASDF.DBF. FIELD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
FIELD NAME
FIELD DESCRIPTION
FACTNO ZN0 ZFUNC OBS NO GAS STUBE STIME FLQI FLQ2 FLAC PUMP CONC DATE
FACTORY NUMBER ZONE NUMBER FUNCTION OF ZONE OBSERVATION NUMBER TYPE OF GAS TYPE SORB~WT TUBE SAMPLING TIME ( hrs. ) INITIAL FLOW RATE ( ipm ) FINAL FLOW RATE ( lpm ) ACTUAL FLOW RATE ( Ipm ) TYPE OF PUMP CONCENTRATION ( mg/cu, m ) DATE OF DATA COLLECTION NAME OF DATA COLLECTOR
N~
pc
~IELD TYPE Numeric Numeric character Numeric Character Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character Numeric )ate Character
WIDTH 3 2 12 2 9 9 3 5 5 5 I0 8 8 I0
7a tLz
Fig. 1. Overall system flow chart for ESIS. NDATA.PRG: This program allows the user to print/display the noise pollution data of individual factories. The user is can select a factory by inputting the factory number. NFC.PRG: This program is used to produce the frequency chart for noise pollution data of an individual factory. LDATA.PRG: By inputting the factory number, the user can print/display the illumination data of a factory through this program. HDATA.PRG: This program can be used to print or display heat stress data of any factory by inputting the factory number.
222
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL. ESIS.PRG MAIN I) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6> 7) 8> 9) B> C> D> Q>
MENU
PRINT/DISP. NOISE DATA PRINT/DISP. FREQ. TABLE FOR NOISE DATA PRINT/DISP. ILLUMINATION DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP. HEAT STRESS DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP. AIR POLL. ( pARTICULATE ) DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP. AIR POLL. ( GRAVIMETRIC ) DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP. AIR POLL. ( METAL ) DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP. AIR POLL. { GAS ) DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP BASIC FACTORY DATA PRINT/DISP FILE STRUCTURES & FIELD DESCRIPTION FILE MAINTAINACE CREATE/RECREATE ALL INDEX FILES EXIT
I NDATA.PRG ]
I
2
I
3
4
5
6
7
8
DATA.PRG I
I ADATA-PRG I
i TANPRO j
I NFC. PRG
l HDATA. PRG
l GRAVAN. PRG
~ GASAN. PRG
[
9
.~ FPRINT. PRG
FHAND.PRG I
C
I
FDATA.PRG
CRINF. PRG
EXIT
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram showing integration of all programs.
ADATA.PRG: This program is responsible for printing or displaying of air pollution (total particulate) data along with some calculated results. Any factory can be chosen by inputting the factory number. GRAVAN.PRG: The function of this program is to print or display the air pollution (gravimetric) data and analysis for a specific factory which can be chosen by inputting the factory number. METAN.PRG: This program is used for printing or displaying air pollution (metal particles) data for any specific factory by inputting the factory number. GASAN.PRG: The data for air pollution (gaseous) can be printed or displayed with the help of this program. Again, an individual factory can be selected by typing in the factory number. FDATA.PRG: This program is used to print the basic information of all the factories.
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS INFORMATION SYSTEM
223
FPRINT.PRG: This program is used to print the file structure and field description of different data base files which can be selected through a menu. FHAND.PRG: This program is used to append, update, delete or display any record/s of any file. The selection of file as well as the type of activity is made with the help of menu options.
CRINEPRG: This program can be used to create/recreate all the index files used by the system. This is supposed to be used when the index files are created for the first time or need to be recreated at a later stage for some reason. It should be noted that this program need not be used routinely since all the index files are automatically updated whenever any change in any file is made through the system.
3. Overall System Configuration The overall system configuration given in Figure 2 shows the relation between different programs, database files and the output. It may be noted that most of the programs produce printed outputs. However, in some cases like FI-IAND.PRG and CRINF.PRG, only screen output is produced.
4. Application of the ESIS The environmental stress information system (ESIS) discussed in this paper has been used in a global study to evaluate environmental stresses in Jeddah Industrial estate [1]. The findings of this study with regard to heat and noise stresses are reported in Refs. [2] and [3], respectively. In this section we report on the application of the ESIS, in evaluating air contaminants. The air contaminants cause harmful effects and injury mainly by entrance through the respiratory system. These are the particulate matter, which includes metallic fumes, smoke, liquid and particulate aerosols, gases and vapors [4]. Particulate matter in the working places was determined both quantitatively as total suspended particulate matter, and qualitatively for aluminium (AI), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). These parameters were selected because of their importance in the workplaces in industrial areas, and their determinental effects on health. The gaseous air contaminants analyzed include some of the major contaminants at industrial workplaces. These are nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ozone, phenol and carbon monoxide. The significance of these gases with regard to occupational health and their NIOSH/OSHA standards for TWA has been discussed elsewhere [ 1]. Fifty-eight factories have been investigated in the study, including different
224
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
T A B L E XI Personal air sampler data and analysis.
FACTORY~ FA~ORY N~E
: 2 : NATIOIIAL CAP2rIS IACTORY
AII.T.A AREA NO FUNO.
FACT. NO
I
I
NBIN WINDER
SAMP. PLOW PATE [cu m/min) 0 2.00
r~AIiP. TIME (min } T
SAIgLED VOL. ( cu m) V
51AGE NO
CUT DIA (um)
kFl (~)
{I FINAL ~ COLLECI GHD W? NT (m&) (mg) (um)
5.00
0.598
1
21.30
23.63
23.70
0.07
32,00
10.94
89.06
2
14.80
23.94
23.98
0,04
18.00
6.25
82.81
3
9.80
23.70
23.7B
0.08
12.00 12.50
5
3.50
23.96 ! 24.06
0.10
! 6.00 15.63 I 5¢.60
B
0.25
16.98
0.35
}, 1.00
PART. l INII
' V= 10.11/16.7, As obtained from the calibration ( See Appendix I of refernce [I]
17,051
WEIGHT ~ , ~ BELOi X CUT DIA 1
54.69
70,31
0.00
curve for the personal air saEpler I
types, such as food, chemical, metal, plastic, paper and other miscellaneous factoties. Details of the procedure for data collection, analysis and equipment used are given in Ref. [1]. The particulate matter analyzed consisted of airbome solid and liquid particles in the working areas. These are made up of various sizes ranging from submicron particles to several hundreds of micrometers, and are collected by two different types of samplers. The Hi-Volume Sampler is used to collect a wide range of particle sizes for gravimetric analysis of the total suspended particles and for analysis of specified metals. On the other hand, the Personal Air Sampler is used for collecting particles less than 50 #m size in order to obtain size classification and to determine the percentage (by weight) of inhalable particles. Samples of air contaminants data and analysis obtained by the ESIS for the personal air sampler as well as Hi-Volume (gravimettic) sampler [5,6] for some particular factories are shown in Tables XI and XII, respectively. Similarly, data and analysis with regard to the concentrations of specified metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, and A1) for a particular factory is shown in Table XIII. The gaseous air contaminants were sampled from selected industries which were suspected to be major sources of emission. A sample of such data and analysis is shown in Table XIV. The air contaminants data for other factories were collected and analysed in the same fashion shown in Tables XI-XIV. Details of this are found in Ref. [1]. The analysis of the data generated by the ESIS for all the factories shows that, among the air contaminants which were measured, total suspended particles (TSP) show the highest deviation from the intemational standards in all the industries.
225
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS INFORMATION SYSTEM
TABLE XII Air pollution(gravimetric)data/analysis. FACTORY NUMBER : 2 FACTORY NAME : NATIONALCARPETS FACTORY SAMP. l~fPE OF NO AREA
INITIAL WEIGHT
( g ) 1
PRODUCTION 3.3383
FINAL IN. FLOW WEIGHT RATE(QI)
FIN. FLOW ACTUAL~ RATE (Q2) FLOWRATE
( g )
( cfm )
( cfm )
(cu m/m)
3.4929
53
52
1.73
START DATE/TIME
ENDING DATE/TIME
06/08/87
06/08/87
12.00 2
PRODUCTION 3.3281
3.4490
51
45
1.58
05/08/87 13.30
ELAPSED PARTICLE TIME CONC.
( hrs )
(mg/cu n
5.00
.299
7.92
,161
17.00 05/09/87 12.55
* ACATUAL FLOW RATE : .967 + 1.142 x (QI + Q2)/2 , Where .967 and 1.142 are the regression coefficients for the average calibration curve of the flow meter relating the actual flow rate to the obse~ed flow rate ( Appendix G o f reference [ I ] )
TABLE XII1 Air pollution(metal)data/analysis. FACTORY NUMBER : 2 FACTORY NA~IE : NIkTIONALCARPE-TS FACTORY
ZONE FUNCTION
PRODUCTIONI
OBS. NO
1
WEIC~HT OF INIT WHOLE FILTER FLOW F I L T E R S~#IPLE Q1 {g) (g) (cfm)
3.4929
0.0619
53
FINAL FLOW TIME Q2 (cfm) (hrs) 52
METAL
ABSORBANC
SLOPE
ACID VO~
( ml )
CONC. IN AIR (mg/cu
5.00
Fe
0.05200
.0140
25
.01012
0.17800
.1480
25
,00328
PRODUCTION
1
3.4929
0.0619
53
52
5.00
Zn
PRODUCTION
1
3.4929
0.0619
53
52
5.00
Cu
0.00400
.0440
25
.00025
Pb
0.00200
.0060
25
.00091
PRODUCTION
1
3.4929
0,0619
53
52
5.00
PRODUCTION
2
3. 4490
O. 0643
51
45
7.92
Fe
0.04400
.0140
25
.00561
0.06500
.1480
25
.00078
PRODUCTION
2
3. 4490
O. 0643
51
45
7.92
Zn
PRODUCTION
2
3. 4490
0. 0543
51
45
7,92
Cu
0.00400
.~O
25
,00016
7.92
Pb
0.00100
.0060
25
.ODD30
PRODUCTION
2
3.4490
O. 0643
51
45
As expected, the cement industry, among the classified industries, has the highest pollution with regard to particulate matter with deviations exceeding the standard several fold. Approximately 76% of the deviations is contributed by the cement industry. The specified metals (Fe, Zn, C, Pb and A1) are well below the OSHA standards. Only in one case, viz. the food industry, does the lead (Pb) concentration exceed the standard by approximately 40%. The majority of particulate matter are inhalable particles (< 10 #m size). A significant portion of these are less than 3.5 #m in size, which can deposit in the alveoli and may cause lymphatic or systematic injury. The concentration of inorganic gases (SO2, NOx, chlorine, ozone,
226
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
TABLE XIV Air pollution (gas) data/analysis. FACTORY NUMBER : 2 FACTORY NAME : NATIONALCARPETSFACTORY OBS NO
TYPEOF AREA
TYPEOF GAS
TYPE OF PUMP
DATE: 12/20/87
TYPE OF SORBENT TUBE
SAMPLING OBSRVED FLOWRATI TIME INITIAL FINAL ( MIN ) (Ipm) (Ipm)
ACTUAL FLOWRATE
(I~)
CONCENTRATION
(mg/cu.m)
l
PRODUCTION
NO2
HAND PUMP
S TUBE
20
0.00
0.00
O.OO
5.25000
2
PRODUCTION
PHENOL
PERSONAL
S TUBE
100
1.10
1.10
0.50
0.35000
carbon monoxide) are well below the OSHA standards in all types of industries. However, phenol concentration exceeds the OSHA standard in several factories, the highest deviation occurring in the paint industry. 5. Conclusion In this paper the development of an environmental stress information system (ESIS) has been very briefly reported. Although the scope of the system is not that vast, it efficiently does its job of processing environmental stress data related to noise, heat, improper illumination and air contaminants. The usefulness of the system is demonstrated in its ability to store data in predefined formats and produce reports in well structured formats as shown in Tables XI-XIV. It may be added that the system could be utilised to develop a data base on a wider scale for storing and processing similar data collected from a larger number of factories. References 1. Alidrisi, M., Jamil, A.T., A1-Jiffry, M.S., Jefri, M., and Erturk, F.: 1987, 'Environmental Stresses m Jeddah Industrial Area', Final Report, Project AR-7-87, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. 2. Alidrisi, M., Jamil, A.T., A1-Jiffry, M.S. and Erturk, F.: 1990, 'Evaluation of Noise Stresses in Jeddah IndustrialArea', J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A (Environmental Science and Engineering), 25 (8). 3. Jefri, M., Alidrisi, M., A1-Jiffry, M.S., Jamil, A.T., and Erturk, F.: 1990, ' Heat Stress Assessment in the Industrial Facility', J. Environ. Sci. Healty, PartA (Environmental Science and Engineering), 25 (1), 209-230. 4. Sittig, M.: 1979, Hazardous and Toxic Effects of Industrial Chemicals, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A. 5. Marple, V.A. and Liu, B.Y.H.: 1974, 'Characteristic of Laminar Jet Impactors', Env. Sci. Tech., 8 (7), 648-654. 6. Lee, G.L.: 1980, 'Sampling Principles, Methods, Apparatus Surveys', Occupational Hygiene, Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 39-60.
Department of Industrial Engineering, King AbduIaziz University, P.O. Box 9027, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia (Received March 1991)
Abstract. This paper reports on the development of an environmental stress information system (ESIS) for the purpose of storing, updating and analysing environmental stress data related to noise, heat, improper illumination and air contaminants. The information system (ESIS) consists of a set of programs as well as a set of data base files for the purpose of efficient data processing. The system is user-friendly and, once started, guides the user with the help of menu-driven options. All data related to noise, heat, illumination and air contaminants can be entered, updated, displayed or printed in certain specified formats. Finally, the use of the ESIS in evaluating air contaminants such as total suspended particles, certain specified metals and inorganic gases in the Jeddah Industrial estate is also reported.
1. Introduction The effect of environmental stresses on the health and well-being of industrial workers and in turn on their productivity is now well recognised. Such stresses include thermal and noise stresses and those resulting from air contaminants and improper illumination at work places. For this reason, consistent monitoring and evaluation of different types of environmental stresses in industries is desirable. An example of a detailed study of environmental stresses in Jeddah industrial zone was reported in Ref. [1]. Due to the huge amount of data associated with such global studies, the use of a computer system to store, update and analyze such data becomes essential. The objective of this paper is to report the development of an environmental stress information system (ESIS) consisting of a set of programs as well as a set of database files for the purpose of efficient data processing. The system is user-friendly and, once started, guides the user with the help of menu-driven options. All the data related to noise, heat, illumination and air contaminants can be entered, updated, displayed or printed in specified formats. Section 2 of this paper gives a brief description of the system's components and its hardware/software requirements. A brief description of the data base, index, and program files is presented in Sections 2.1-2.3. The overall system configuration is given in Section 3. Section 4 provides some reports produced byi ESIS on the evaluation of air contaminants in the Jeddah Industrial area. Summary and conclusions are finally given in Section 5. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 22: 213-226, 1992. (~) 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
214
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
TABLE I List of data base files and program files. DATA #
FILE NAME
1
FACFILE.DBF
2
NDF.DBF
BASE FILES
PROGRAM FILES
INDEX
INDEXING
FILES
FIELD
TYPE OF DATA
FILE NAME
FFAC.NDX NFACTNO.NDX
FACT NO
FACTORY DATA
ESIS. Prg
FACTNO
NOISE DATA
NDATA.PRG
FACTNO
ILLUMINATION
NFC. PRG
FACTNO
HEAT STRESS
LOATA.PRG
FACTNO
AIR POLL. (PARTICULATES)[
HDATA.PRG
FACT NO
AIR POLL. (GRAVIMETRIC)
ADATA.PRG
FACTNO
AIR POLL. (METAL)
GRAVAN.PRG
FACT NO
AIR POLL. (GAS) DATA DESCRIPTION OF ALL
METAN.PRG GASAN.PRG
FILES
FDATA.PRG
3
LDF.DBF
4
HDF.OBF
5
ADF.DBF
6
GRAVDF.DBF
7
METDF.DBF
LFACTNO.NDX HFACTNO.NOX AFACTNO.NOX GRAFAC.NDX METFACT.NDX
8
GAS.DBF
GASFAC.NDX
9
DESCF.DBF
FPRINT.PRG FHAND.PRG CRINF. PRG
2. The System Components The system consists of about 9 data base files, 8 index files and 13 program files. Table I shows the list of all the database files and program files. The index files are related to specific data base files as shown in Table I. The first 8 files in Table I store data related to different environmental stresses. Some of the files also include some calculated data fields. The ninth database file, viz. DESCEdbf, stores the description of the data fields of the first eight files. The list of the program files is given in Table I. ESIS was developed in Dbase III+ language because of its obvious superiority in data base management. The system can be run on any IBM PC or compatible with 640 kByte memory and 2 disk drives. A hard disk would be an added advantage. Any standard printer is compatible with the system. 2.1. DATA BASE FILES A brief description of the data base files follows. FACFILE.DBF: This file stores basic data about each factory. The record structure and the description of the fields are given in Table II. ADF.DBF: The data related to air pollution (total particulates) are stored in this file. Again, data taken from a particular area of a factory are represented by one record in the file. Table III represents the file structure and description of fields in each record.
215
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS INFORMATION SYSTEM
TABLE II File structure of field description of FACFILE.DBF. FIELD FIELDNAME DESCRIPTION
TYPE
WIDTH
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 B
FACT NO FACT NAME NAME2 IX) BOX CITY VENTURE TYPE PRODTYPE
FACTORYNUMBER FACTORYNAME FACTORY NAME ( CONTINUED ) P(kST OFFICE BOX NAMEOF CITY IN WHICH LOCATED NAMESOF PARTNERCOUNTRIES IF ANY GENERAL TYPEOF INDUSTRY TYPEOF PRODUCTSMADE
Numeric Character Character Character Character Character Character Character
3 30 30 6 B 28 13 ,IB
9 10 11 12 13
SHIFTS NO_~4ORKER AREA CONTACT TEL
NUMBER OF WORKINGSHIFTS NUMBEROF WORKERS APPROX. AREAIN SQ. METER NAMEOF CONTACT IN THE FACTORY TELEPHONE NUMBEROF CONTACT
Numeric Numeric Numeric Character Nun~ric
3 3 5 30 7
14 15
SIZE NDATAN
APPROX. SIZE ( VB,B,M,S ) NO. OF NOISE DATACOLLECTED
Character Numeric
2 3
16 17 18 19 20
NDATAL NDATAH NDATAA NDATAGR NDATAMET
NO. OF ILLUM. DATACOLLECTED NO OF HEATSTRESSDATACOLLECTED NO. OF AIR POLL ( PARTII.)DATACOLLECTED NO. OF GRAVIMETRIC DATACOLLECTED NO. OF AIR POLL. (METAL) DATACOLLECTED
Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric
3 3 3 3 3
21
NDATAGAS
NO. OF AIR POLL(GAS) DATACOLLECTED
Numeric
3
22 23
NDATA LDATA
STATUS - NOISEDATACOLLECTION STATUS- ILLU. DATACOLLECTION,
Character Character
1 l
24 25
HDATA ADATA
STATUS- HEATSTRESSDATACOLLECTION STATUS- AIR POLL(PART.) DATACOLLECTION
Character Character
1 1
26
GRDATA
STATUSAIR POLL( GP&V.) DATACOLLECTION
Character
l
27 28
METDATA GASDATA
STATUS-AIRPOLL. (METAL) DATACOLLECTION STATUS-AIR POLL. (GAS) DATACOLLECTION
Character Character
1 I
LDF.DBF: This file stores the illumination data along with some calculated data. Each record represents the data related to one particular area of a factory. The record structure and description of the fields are given in Table IV. The description of the codes used in some fields are given in Table V. NDF.DBF: This file stores the noise pollution data. The data taken at each location in a factory is represented by one record in the file. The record structure and the description of the fields are given in Table VI. HDF.DBF: Heat stress data are stored in this file. The data obtained from each area of a factory are represented by one record in the file. The record structure and the description of the fields are given in Table VII. GRAVDKDBF: This file is used to store air pollution data (Gravimetric). The file structure and the field descriptions are given in Table VIII.
216
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
TABLE III Structure and field description of ADF.DBF.
FIELD
FIELD N A M E
FIELD D E S C R I P T I O N
TYPE
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
FACT NO FACT N A M LOC ARF FRATE STIME SVOL CPDS I IWTS I FWTSI WTCS I GMDSl WPCS I PBCS I CPDS2 IWTS2 FWTS2 WTCS2 GMDS2 WPCS2 PBCS2 CPDS3 IWTS3 FWTS3 WTCS3 GMDS3 WPCS3 PBCS3 CPDS5 IWTS 5 FWTS 5 WTCS5 GMDS 5 WPCS5 PBCS5 CPDSB IWTSB FWTSB WTCSB GMDSB WPCSB PBCSB N A M E DC
FACTORY NUMBER F A C T O R Y NAME L O C A T I O N OR A R E A NO. TYPE OR F U N C T I O N OF A R E A S A M P L I N G FLOW R A T E SAMPLING TIME SAMPLING VOLUME CUT PARTICLE DIA. STAGE I INITIAL W E I G H T STAGE I F I N A L WEIGHT S T A G E I W E G H T C O L L E C T E D A T STAGE I G E O M E T R I C M E A N DIA. STAGE I W E I G H T P E R C E N T STAGE I P E R C E N T B E L O W CUT DIA S T A G E I CUT P A R T I C L E DIA STAGE 2 INITIAL W E I G H T STAGE 2 FINAL W E I G H T S T A G E 2 W E I G H T C O L L E C T E D A T STAGE 2 G E O M E T R I C M E A N D I A STAGE 2 W E I G H T P E R C E N T STAGE 2 P E R C E N T B E L O W CUT DIA S T A G E 2 CUT A P R T I C L E D I A STAGE 3 INITIAL W E I G H T STAGE 3 FINAL WEIGHT STAGE 3 W E I G H T C O L L E C T E D A T STAGE 3 G E O M E T R I C M E A N D I A STAGE 3 WEIGHT PERCENT STAGE 3 P E R C E N T B E L O W CUT DIA S T A G E 3 CUT P A R T I C L E D I A STAGE 5 INITIAL W E I G H T STAGE 5 FINAL WEIGHT STAGE 5 W E I G H T C O L L E C T E D A T STAGE 5 G E O M E T R I C M E A N D I A STAGE 5 WEIGHT PERCENT STAGE 5 P E R C E N T B E L O W CUT D I A S T A G E 5 CUT P A R T I C L E D I A BACKUP S T A G E INITIAL W E I G H T B A C K U P S T A G E F I N A L WEIGHT B A C K U P STAGE WEIGHT COLLECTED AT BACKUP STAGE G E O M E T R I C M E A N D I A BACKUP STAGE W E I G H T P E R C E N T BACKUP S T A G E PERCENT B E L O W C U T DIA B A C K U P STAGE N A M E OF D A T A C O L L E C T O R
Numeric Character Numeric Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character
WIDTH
3 15 2 15 6 6 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 15
ENVIRONMENTALSTRESS INFORMATIONSYSTEM
2 ]7
TABLE IV Field description of illumination data file (LDF). FIELD NAME
FIELD DESCRIPTION
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
FACT NO OBS_DATE ZNO ZFUNC ZSHAPE LDES NLT] W NLTI NW NLT2 W NLT2 NW NLT3 W NLT3 NW FCD0 FCN0 FCNAT FCD_PI FCN PI FCD_P2 FCN_P2 FCD_P3 FCN_P3 FCD_P4 FeN_P4 FCD_P5 FCNP5 FLD PI FLNPI FLD P2 FLN P2 FLDP3 FLNP3 FLD P4 FLN '_P4 FLDP5
35
FLN35
36 37 38 39 40
UF MF FCTHO FCTHN NAME_DC
FACTORY NUMBER DATE OF OBSERVATION ZONE N U M B E R FUNCTION OF THE ZONE SHAPE OF THE ZONE LIGHTING DESIGN NO OF LIGHTS TYPEI -WORKING NO. OF LIGHTS TYPEI-NOT W O R K I N G NO OF LIGHTS TYPE2 -WORKING NO OF LIGHTS TYPE2- NOT W O R K I N G NO OF LIGHTS TYPE3- W O R K I N G NO OF LIGHTS TYPE3- NOT W O R K I N G OBSERVED FOOT CANDLE- DAY TIME OBSERVED FOOT CANDLE -NIGHT TIME ILLUMINATION FROM N A T U R A L LIGHT (FC) DAY ILLUMINATION AT POINT I ( FC ) DAY ILLUMINATION AT POINT I ( FC ) DAY I L L U M I N A T I O N AT POINT 2 ( FC ) NIGHT ILLUMINATION AT P O I N T 2 ( FC ) DAY ILLUMINATION AT POINT 3 ( FC ) NIGHT ILLUMINATION AT POINT 3 ( FC ) DAY ILLUMINATION AT POINT 4 ( FC ) NIGHT ILLUMINATION AT POINT 4 ( FC ) DAY I L L U M I N A T I O N AT POINT 5 ( FC ) NIGHT ILLUMINATION AT POINT 5 ( FC ) DAY BRIGHTNESS AT POINT I ( FL ) NIGHT BRIGHTNESS AT POINT I ( FL ) DAY BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 2 ( FL ) NIGHT BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 2 ( FL ) DAY BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 3 ( FL ) NIGHT BRIGHTNESS AT P O I N T 3 ( FL ) DAY BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 4 ( FL ) NIGHT BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 4 ( FL ) DAY BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 5 ( FL ) NIGHT BRIGHTNESS AT POINT 5 ( FL ) UTILITY FACTOR MAIN FACTOR THEORITICAL ILLUMINATION OBSERVED(FC) THEORETICAL ILLUM. NEW C O N D I T I O N (FC) NAME OF DATA COLLECTOR
FIELD
FIELD TYPE Numeric Date Numeric Character Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character
WIDTH 3 8 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5, 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 l0
METDF.DBF: This file stores air pollution (metal particles) data collected from factories. Data related to each metal in an area of a factory are represented by one record. Table IX represents the file structure and field descriptions. GASDF.DBF: The data related to air pollution (gas) in the factories are stored in this file. The corresponding file structure and the field descriptions are given in Table X.
218
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
TABLE V Description of codes used in 'LDF.dbf'.
FIELD
CODE D E S C R I P T I O N
CODE
Symmetrically spaced than two rows.
LDES
luminaires
in more
01
R e g u l a r area w i t h single luminaire.
symmetrically
located
02
R e g u l a r area with luminaires.
single
row of individual
R e g u l a r area w i t h two or more rows of luminaires.
04
R e g u l a r area w i t h luminaires.
single row of continuous
05
R e g u l a r area w i t h ceiling.
luminaires
06
Irregular Shape
continuous
03
design.
or lower all
07
Regular
R
Irregular
I
NLT
1
Fluorescent
NLT
2
Incandescent
NLT
3
Mercury
DESCKDBF: This file contain the field description of the first eight files in Table I. Each record consists of two fields: the first field contains the name of fields in the data files and the second field contains the field descriptions. 2.2. INDEX FILES The system uses quite a few index files. The names of these files and their relation to data base files are given in Table I.
2.3. P R O G R A M FILES The system consists of 13 different program files as shown in Table I as well as in Figure 1. The first program ESIS.PRG is an executive program which controls the complete system. Each of the remaining programs is responsible for specific func-
219
ENVIRONMENTALSTRESSINFORMATIONSYSTEM
TABLE VI Description of data fields of NDF.DBF.
FIELD
FIELD
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
FACT FACT
w
NAME NO NAME
OBS_DATE LOC NO SEL LEQ_RMS MAX RMS MIN RMS MAX PEAK MIN PEAK OBS--TIME NAME DC
DESCRIPTION FACTORY NUMBER FACTORY NAME DATE OF OBSERVATION LOCATION NUMBER SOUND ENERGY LEVEL EQUIV. SOUND ENERGY LEVEL(dBA) MAX. SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL(RMS) MIN. SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL(RMS) MAXIMUM PEK PRESSURE LEVEL MINIMUM PEAK PRESSURE LEVEL DURATION OF OBSERVATION NAME OF DATA COLLECTOR
TYPE Numeric Character Date Numeric Numeric Numeric iNumeric Numeric Numeric Numeric ~Numeric Character
WIDTH 3 15 8 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 10
TABLE VII Structure and descriptionof data fields of HDF.DBF.
FIELD I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
FIELD NAME
FIELD DESCRIPTION
FIELD TYPE
WIDTH
FACT NO FACT NAME ZN0 ZFUNC 0BS DATE OBS TIME ATM-COND D ACCL CLOTHING GLT NWBT AIRT WBGT METR REF WBGT CON~L MREFRATE DEV NAME DC
FACTORY NUMBER FACTORY NAME ZONE NUMBER FUNCTION OF THE ZONE DATE OF OBSERVATION TIME OF OBSERVATION ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION DEGREE OF ACCLAMATISATIO. CLOTHING STATUS GLOBE TEMPERATURE (C) NATURAL WET BULB TEMPERATURE (C) AIR TEMPERATURE (C) WET BULB GLOBE TEMPARATURE (C) MEATBOLIC RATE REFERNCE WETBULB GLOBE TEMP.(C) CONCLUSION REFERENCE METABOLIC RATE PERCENT DEVIATION NAME OF DATA COLLECTOR
Numeric Character Numeric Character Date Character Character Character Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character Character Numeric Character
3 20 2 20 8 7 9 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 9 6 10
tions such as producing outputs, maintaining data base files etc. A brief description of the programs is given below. E S I S . P R G : This main executive program controls entry into the rest of the pro-
220
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
TABLE VIII Structure and description of data fields of GRAVDF.DBF.
FIELD
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
'~
FIELD NAME
FIELD DESCRIPTION
F I E L D TYPE
WIDTH
FACT NO ZNO ZFUNC ~ OBS NO WI W2 QI Q2 DATEI TI DATE2 T2 DELTIME CONC NAME DC
FACTORY NUMBER ZONE N U M B E R F U N C T I O N O F T H E ZONE OBSERVATION NUMBER INITIAL W E I G H T ( g ) FINAL WEIGHT ( g ) INITIAL O B S E R V E D F L O W R A T E (cfm) F I N A L O B S E R V E D F L O W R A T E (cfm) STARTING DATE TIME OF S T A R T I N G FINISHING DATE TIME OF F I N I S H E L A P S E D T I M E ( hrs ) C O N C E N T R A T I O N ( mg/ c u . m ) N A M E OF D A T A C O L L E C T O R
Numeric Numeric Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Date Character Date Character Numeric Numeric Character
3 2 I0 2 7 7 3 3 8 8 8 8 6 7 I0
TABLE IX Structure and descriptionof data fieldsof METDF.DBF.
FIELD I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
FIELD NAME F A C T NO ZNO ZFUNC OBS NO METAL WFP WPART ABS SLOPE ACVOL QI Q2 T CONCAIR N A M E DC
FIELD D E S C R I P T I O N FACTORY N U M B E R ZONE N U M B E R F U N C T I O N OF THE ZONE OBSERVATIO NUMBER TYPE OF M E T A L WEIGHT OF W H O L E F I T E R (gms) WT. OF F I L T E R S A M P L E ( gms ) A B S O R B A N C E IN AAS ( A ) SLOPE OF CALIB. C U R V E ACID V O L U M E ( ml ) INITIAL F L O W R A T E ( cfm ) FINAL F L O W R A T E ( c f m ) S A M P L I N G TIME CONCEN. OF M E T A L IN A I R (mg/cu m) N A M E OF D A T A C O L L E C T O R
TYPE Numeric Numeric Character Numeric Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character
WIDTH 3 2 10 3 6 7 7 7 6 3 3 3 5 7 10
gram through menu options. Also, certain environmental conditions and flags are set in this program for smooth running of the system. Figure 2 shows schematically the main menu which connects this program with other programs, thus integrating it into a system.
221
ENVIRONMENTALSTRESS INFORMATIONSYSTEM
TABLE X Structure and description of data fields of GASDF.DBF. FIELD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
FIELD NAME
FIELD DESCRIPTION
FACTNO ZN0 ZFUNC OBS NO GAS STUBE STIME FLQI FLQ2 FLAC PUMP CONC DATE
FACTORY NUMBER ZONE NUMBER FUNCTION OF ZONE OBSERVATION NUMBER TYPE OF GAS TYPE SORB~WT TUBE SAMPLING TIME ( hrs. ) INITIAL FLOW RATE ( ipm ) FINAL FLOW RATE ( lpm ) ACTUAL FLOW RATE ( Ipm ) TYPE OF PUMP CONCENTRATION ( mg/cu, m ) DATE OF DATA COLLECTION NAME OF DATA COLLECTOR
N~
pc
~IELD TYPE Numeric Numeric character Numeric Character Character Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character Numeric )ate Character
WIDTH 3 2 12 2 9 9 3 5 5 5 I0 8 8 I0
7a tLz
Fig. 1. Overall system flow chart for ESIS. NDATA.PRG: This program allows the user to print/display the noise pollution data of individual factories. The user is can select a factory by inputting the factory number. NFC.PRG: This program is used to produce the frequency chart for noise pollution data of an individual factory. LDATA.PRG: By inputting the factory number, the user can print/display the illumination data of a factory through this program. HDATA.PRG: This program can be used to print or display heat stress data of any factory by inputting the factory number.
222
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL. ESIS.PRG MAIN I) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6> 7) 8> 9) B> C> D> Q>
MENU
PRINT/DISP. NOISE DATA PRINT/DISP. FREQ. TABLE FOR NOISE DATA PRINT/DISP. ILLUMINATION DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP. HEAT STRESS DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP. AIR POLL. ( pARTICULATE ) DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP. AIR POLL. ( GRAVIMETRIC ) DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP. AIR POLL. ( METAL ) DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP. AIR POLL. { GAS ) DATA/ANALYSIS PRINT/DISP BASIC FACTORY DATA PRINT/DISP FILE STRUCTURES & FIELD DESCRIPTION FILE MAINTAINACE CREATE/RECREATE ALL INDEX FILES EXIT
I NDATA.PRG ]
I
2
I
3
4
5
6
7
8
DATA.PRG I
I ADATA-PRG I
i TANPRO j
I NFC. PRG
l HDATA. PRG
l GRAVAN. PRG
~ GASAN. PRG
[
9
.~ FPRINT. PRG
FHAND.PRG I
C
I
FDATA.PRG
CRINF. PRG
EXIT
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram showing integration of all programs.
ADATA.PRG: This program is responsible for printing or displaying of air pollution (total particulate) data along with some calculated results. Any factory can be chosen by inputting the factory number. GRAVAN.PRG: The function of this program is to print or display the air pollution (gravimetric) data and analysis for a specific factory which can be chosen by inputting the factory number. METAN.PRG: This program is used for printing or displaying air pollution (metal particles) data for any specific factory by inputting the factory number. GASAN.PRG: The data for air pollution (gaseous) can be printed or displayed with the help of this program. Again, an individual factory can be selected by typing in the factory number. FDATA.PRG: This program is used to print the basic information of all the factories.
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS INFORMATION SYSTEM
223
FPRINT.PRG: This program is used to print the file structure and field description of different data base files which can be selected through a menu. FHAND.PRG: This program is used to append, update, delete or display any record/s of any file. The selection of file as well as the type of activity is made with the help of menu options.
CRINEPRG: This program can be used to create/recreate all the index files used by the system. This is supposed to be used when the index files are created for the first time or need to be recreated at a later stage for some reason. It should be noted that this program need not be used routinely since all the index files are automatically updated whenever any change in any file is made through the system.
3. Overall System Configuration The overall system configuration given in Figure 2 shows the relation between different programs, database files and the output. It may be noted that most of the programs produce printed outputs. However, in some cases like FI-IAND.PRG and CRINF.PRG, only screen output is produced.
4. Application of the ESIS The environmental stress information system (ESIS) discussed in this paper has been used in a global study to evaluate environmental stresses in Jeddah Industrial estate [1]. The findings of this study with regard to heat and noise stresses are reported in Refs. [2] and [3], respectively. In this section we report on the application of the ESIS, in evaluating air contaminants. The air contaminants cause harmful effects and injury mainly by entrance through the respiratory system. These are the particulate matter, which includes metallic fumes, smoke, liquid and particulate aerosols, gases and vapors [4]. Particulate matter in the working places was determined both quantitatively as total suspended particulate matter, and qualitatively for aluminium (AI), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). These parameters were selected because of their importance in the workplaces in industrial areas, and their determinental effects on health. The gaseous air contaminants analyzed include some of the major contaminants at industrial workplaces. These are nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ozone, phenol and carbon monoxide. The significance of these gases with regard to occupational health and their NIOSH/OSHA standards for TWA has been discussed elsewhere [ 1]. Fifty-eight factories have been investigated in the study, including different
224
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
T A B L E XI Personal air sampler data and analysis.
FACTORY~ FA~ORY N~E
: 2 : NATIOIIAL CAP2rIS IACTORY
AII.T.A AREA NO FUNO.
FACT. NO
I
I
NBIN WINDER
SAMP. PLOW PATE [cu m/min) 0 2.00
r~AIiP. TIME (min } T
SAIgLED VOL. ( cu m) V
51AGE NO
CUT DIA (um)
kFl (~)
{I FINAL ~ COLLECI GHD W? NT (m&) (mg) (um)
5.00
0.598
1
21.30
23.63
23.70
0.07
32,00
10.94
89.06
2
14.80
23.94
23.98
0,04
18.00
6.25
82.81
3
9.80
23.70
23.7B
0.08
12.00 12.50
5
3.50
23.96 ! 24.06
0.10
! 6.00 15.63 I 5¢.60
B
0.25
16.98
0.35
}, 1.00
PART. l INII
' V= 10.11/16.7, As obtained from the calibration ( See Appendix I of refernce [I]
17,051
WEIGHT ~ , ~ BELOi X CUT DIA 1
54.69
70,31
0.00
curve for the personal air saEpler I
types, such as food, chemical, metal, plastic, paper and other miscellaneous factoties. Details of the procedure for data collection, analysis and equipment used are given in Ref. [1]. The particulate matter analyzed consisted of airbome solid and liquid particles in the working areas. These are made up of various sizes ranging from submicron particles to several hundreds of micrometers, and are collected by two different types of samplers. The Hi-Volume Sampler is used to collect a wide range of particle sizes for gravimetric analysis of the total suspended particles and for analysis of specified metals. On the other hand, the Personal Air Sampler is used for collecting particles less than 50 #m size in order to obtain size classification and to determine the percentage (by weight) of inhalable particles. Samples of air contaminants data and analysis obtained by the ESIS for the personal air sampler as well as Hi-Volume (gravimettic) sampler [5,6] for some particular factories are shown in Tables XI and XII, respectively. Similarly, data and analysis with regard to the concentrations of specified metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, and A1) for a particular factory is shown in Table XIII. The gaseous air contaminants were sampled from selected industries which were suspected to be major sources of emission. A sample of such data and analysis is shown in Table XIV. The air contaminants data for other factories were collected and analysed in the same fashion shown in Tables XI-XIV. Details of this are found in Ref. [1]. The analysis of the data generated by the ESIS for all the factories shows that, among the air contaminants which were measured, total suspended particles (TSP) show the highest deviation from the intemational standards in all the industries.
225
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS INFORMATION SYSTEM
TABLE XII Air pollution(gravimetric)data/analysis. FACTORY NUMBER : 2 FACTORY NAME : NATIONALCARPETS FACTORY SAMP. l~fPE OF NO AREA
INITIAL WEIGHT
( g ) 1
PRODUCTION 3.3383
FINAL IN. FLOW WEIGHT RATE(QI)
FIN. FLOW ACTUAL~ RATE (Q2) FLOWRATE
( g )
( cfm )
( cfm )
(cu m/m)
3.4929
53
52
1.73
START DATE/TIME
ENDING DATE/TIME
06/08/87
06/08/87
12.00 2
PRODUCTION 3.3281
3.4490
51
45
1.58
05/08/87 13.30
ELAPSED PARTICLE TIME CONC.
( hrs )
(mg/cu n
5.00
.299
7.92
,161
17.00 05/09/87 12.55
* ACATUAL FLOW RATE : .967 + 1.142 x (QI + Q2)/2 , Where .967 and 1.142 are the regression coefficients for the average calibration curve of the flow meter relating the actual flow rate to the obse~ed flow rate ( Appendix G o f reference [ I ] )
TABLE XII1 Air pollution(metal)data/analysis. FACTORY NUMBER : 2 FACTORY NA~IE : NIkTIONALCARPE-TS FACTORY
ZONE FUNCTION
PRODUCTIONI
OBS. NO
1
WEIC~HT OF INIT WHOLE FILTER FLOW F I L T E R S~#IPLE Q1 {g) (g) (cfm)
3.4929
0.0619
53
FINAL FLOW TIME Q2 (cfm) (hrs) 52
METAL
ABSORBANC
SLOPE
ACID VO~
( ml )
CONC. IN AIR (mg/cu
5.00
Fe
0.05200
.0140
25
.01012
0.17800
.1480
25
,00328
PRODUCTION
1
3.4929
0.0619
53
52
5.00
Zn
PRODUCTION
1
3.4929
0.0619
53
52
5.00
Cu
0.00400
.0440
25
.00025
Pb
0.00200
.0060
25
.00091
PRODUCTION
1
3.4929
0,0619
53
52
5.00
PRODUCTION
2
3. 4490
O. 0643
51
45
7.92
Fe
0.04400
.0140
25
.00561
0.06500
.1480
25
.00078
PRODUCTION
2
3. 4490
O. 0643
51
45
7.92
Zn
PRODUCTION
2
3. 4490
0. 0543
51
45
7,92
Cu
0.00400
.~O
25
,00016
7.92
Pb
0.00100
.0060
25
.ODD30
PRODUCTION
2
3.4490
O. 0643
51
45
As expected, the cement industry, among the classified industries, has the highest pollution with regard to particulate matter with deviations exceeding the standard several fold. Approximately 76% of the deviations is contributed by the cement industry. The specified metals (Fe, Zn, C, Pb and A1) are well below the OSHA standards. Only in one case, viz. the food industry, does the lead (Pb) concentration exceed the standard by approximately 40%. The majority of particulate matter are inhalable particles (< 10 #m size). A significant portion of these are less than 3.5 #m in size, which can deposit in the alveoli and may cause lymphatic or systematic injury. The concentration of inorganic gases (SO2, NOx, chlorine, ozone,
226
A.T.M. JAMIL ET AL.
TABLE XIV Air pollution (gas) data/analysis. FACTORY NUMBER : 2 FACTORY NAME : NATIONALCARPETSFACTORY OBS NO
TYPEOF AREA
TYPEOF GAS
TYPE OF PUMP
DATE: 12/20/87
TYPE OF SORBENT TUBE
SAMPLING OBSRVED FLOWRATI TIME INITIAL FINAL ( MIN ) (Ipm) (Ipm)
ACTUAL FLOWRATE
(I~)
CONCENTRATION
(mg/cu.m)
l
PRODUCTION
NO2
HAND PUMP
S TUBE
20
0.00
0.00
O.OO
5.25000
2
PRODUCTION
PHENOL
PERSONAL
S TUBE
100
1.10
1.10
0.50
0.35000
carbon monoxide) are well below the OSHA standards in all types of industries. However, phenol concentration exceeds the OSHA standard in several factories, the highest deviation occurring in the paint industry. 5. Conclusion In this paper the development of an environmental stress information system (ESIS) has been very briefly reported. Although the scope of the system is not that vast, it efficiently does its job of processing environmental stress data related to noise, heat, improper illumination and air contaminants. The usefulness of the system is demonstrated in its ability to store data in predefined formats and produce reports in well structured formats as shown in Tables XI-XIV. It may be added that the system could be utilised to develop a data base on a wider scale for storing and processing similar data collected from a larger number of factories. References 1. Alidrisi, M., Jamil, A.T., A1-Jiffry, M.S., Jefri, M., and Erturk, F.: 1987, 'Environmental Stresses m Jeddah Industrial Area', Final Report, Project AR-7-87, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. 2. Alidrisi, M., Jamil, A.T., A1-Jiffry, M.S. and Erturk, F.: 1990, 'Evaluation of Noise Stresses in Jeddah IndustrialArea', J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A (Environmental Science and Engineering), 25 (8). 3. Jefri, M., Alidrisi, M., A1-Jiffry, M.S., Jamil, A.T., and Erturk, F.: 1990, ' Heat Stress Assessment in the Industrial Facility', J. Environ. Sci. Healty, PartA (Environmental Science and Engineering), 25 (1), 209-230. 4. Sittig, M.: 1979, Hazardous and Toxic Effects of Industrial Chemicals, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A. 5. Marple, V.A. and Liu, B.Y.H.: 1974, 'Characteristic of Laminar Jet Impactors', Env. Sci. Tech., 8 (7), 648-654. 6. Lee, G.L.: 1980, 'Sampling Principles, Methods, Apparatus Surveys', Occupational Hygiene, Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 39-60.
