RESEARCH ARTICLE
Albuminuria Is Associated with Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Viral Load in HIV-Infected Patients in Rural South Africa G. Emerens Wensink1☯*, Annelot F. Schoffelen1☯, Hugo A. Tempelman2☯, Maarten B. Rookmaaker3☯, Andy I. M. Hoepelman1☯, Roos E. Barth1☯
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1 Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases at the University Medical Centre in Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2 Ndlovu Care Group in Elandsdoorn, Limpopo, South Africa, 3 Department of Nephrology & Hypertension at the University Medical Centre in Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected]
Abstract OPEN ACCESS Citation: Wensink GE, Schoffelen AF, Tempelman HA, Rookmaaker MB, Hoepelman AIM, Barth RE (2015) Albuminuria Is Associated with Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Viral Load in HIVInfected Patients in Rural South Africa. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0136529. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136529 Editor: Leighton R James, University of Florida, UNITED STATES
Context As life expectancy improves among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients, renal and cardiovascular diseases are increasingly prevalent in this population. Renal and cardiovascular disease are mutual risk factors and are characterized by albuminuria. Understanding the interactions between HIV, cardiovascular risk factors and renal disease is the first step in tackling this new therapeutic frontier in HIV.
Received: May 13, 2015 Accepted: August 4, 2015 Published: August 26, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Wensink et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: Data are from the "Cardiovascular Risk Factors in HIV Patients" study whose authors may be contacted at Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85 500, F.01.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands, Tel: 0031 88 7556228, Fax: 0031 30 2523741, email: [email protected]. Funding: GEW received funds from the Van WijckStam-Caspers Foundation (cardiovascular research abroad grant, no grant # available, 2000 euros, http:// www.umcutrecht.nl/nl/Opleidingen/Onderwijs-
Methods In a rural primary health care centre, 903 HIV-infected adult patients were randomly selected and data on HIV-infection and cardiovascular risk factors were collected. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated. Albuminuria was defined as an Albumin-CreatinineRatio above 30 mg/g. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyse albuminuria and demographic, clinical and HIV-associated variables.
Results The study population consisted of 903 HIV-infected patients, with a median age of 40 years (Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) 34–48 years), and included 625 (69%) women. The median duration since HIV diagnosis was 26 months (IQR 12–58 months) and 787 (87%) received antiretroviral therapy. Thirty-six (4%) of the subjects were shown to have diabetes and 205 (23%) hypertension. In the cohort, 21% had albuminuria and 2% an eGFR
Albuminuria Is Associated with Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Viral Load in HIV-Infected Patients in Rural South Africa G. Emerens Wensink1☯*, Annelot F. Schoffelen1☯, Hugo A. Tempelman2☯, Maarten B. Rookmaaker3☯, Andy I. M. Hoepelman1☯, Roos E. Barth1☯
a11111
1 Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases at the University Medical Centre in Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2 Ndlovu Care Group in Elandsdoorn, Limpopo, South Africa, 3 Department of Nephrology & Hypertension at the University Medical Centre in Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected]
Abstract OPEN ACCESS Citation: Wensink GE, Schoffelen AF, Tempelman HA, Rookmaaker MB, Hoepelman AIM, Barth RE (2015) Albuminuria Is Associated with Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Viral Load in HIVInfected Patients in Rural South Africa. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0136529. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136529 Editor: Leighton R James, University of Florida, UNITED STATES
Context As life expectancy improves among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients, renal and cardiovascular diseases are increasingly prevalent in this population. Renal and cardiovascular disease are mutual risk factors and are characterized by albuminuria. Understanding the interactions between HIV, cardiovascular risk factors and renal disease is the first step in tackling this new therapeutic frontier in HIV.
Received: May 13, 2015 Accepted: August 4, 2015 Published: August 26, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Wensink et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: Data are from the "Cardiovascular Risk Factors in HIV Patients" study whose authors may be contacted at Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85 500, F.01.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands, Tel: 0031 88 7556228, Fax: 0031 30 2523741, email: [email protected]. Funding: GEW received funds from the Van WijckStam-Caspers Foundation (cardiovascular research abroad grant, no grant # available, 2000 euros, http:// www.umcutrecht.nl/nl/Opleidingen/Onderwijs-
Methods In a rural primary health care centre, 903 HIV-infected adult patients were randomly selected and data on HIV-infection and cardiovascular risk factors were collected. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated. Albuminuria was defined as an Albumin-CreatinineRatio above 30 mg/g. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyse albuminuria and demographic, clinical and HIV-associated variables.
Results The study population consisted of 903 HIV-infected patients, with a median age of 40 years (Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) 34–48 years), and included 625 (69%) women. The median duration since HIV diagnosis was 26 months (IQR 12–58 months) and 787 (87%) received antiretroviral therapy. Thirty-six (4%) of the subjects were shown to have diabetes and 205 (23%) hypertension. In the cohort, 21% had albuminuria and 2% an eGFR
