sensors Article

A Smart Voltage and Current Monitoring System for Three Phase Inverters Using an Android Smartphone Application Mohannad Jabbar Mnati 1,2, *, Alex Van den Bossche 1,3 and Raad Farhood Chisab 4 1 2 3 4

*

Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical Constructions and Systems, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 913, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Gent, Belgium; [email protected] Department of Electronic Technology, Institute of Technology Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Al-Za’franiya, 10074 Baghdad, Iraq Flanders Make, the Strategic Research Centre for the Manufacturing Industry, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium Department of Electrical Technology, Technical Institute Kut, Middle Technical University, Al-Za’franiya, 10074 Baghdad, Iraq; [email protected] Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +32-488-383-749

Academic Editors: Michele Magno and Ilker Demirkol Received: 8 February 2017; Accepted: 8 April 2017; Published: 15 April 2017

Abstract: In this paper, a new smart voltage and current monitoring system (SVCMS) technique is proposed. It monitors a three phase electrical system using an Arduino platform as a microcontroller to read the voltage and current from sensors and then wirelessly send the measured data to monitor the results using a new Android application. The integrated SVCMS design uses an Arduino Nano V3.0 as the microcontroller to measure the results from three voltage and three current sensors and then send this data, after calculation, to the Android smartphone device of an end user using Bluetooth HC-05. The Arduino Nano V3.0 controller and Bluetooth HC-05 are a cheap microcontroller and wireless device, respectively. The new Android smartphone application that monitors the voltage and current measurements uses the open source MIT App Inventor 2 software. It allows for monitoring some elementary fundamental voltage power quality properties. An effort has been made to investigate what is possible using available off-the-shelf components and open source software. Keywords: SVCMS; voltage sensor; current sensor; Android; Bluetooth; Arduino; smart

1. Introduction Because of the increasing advances in technology, smart systems are increasingly being used. These systems allow technicians, administrators, and managers to monitor and control the performance of devices from a safe distance. The monitoring system is very important when working in the field of three phase systems; some users and companies use smart monitoring software programs [1–4]. These programs are installed on the user’s smartphone or company computers to allow employers to make decisions if there is an error. The main objective of this paper is to create a smart monitoring system based on an intelligent control system [5–9]. The proposed system is called a smart voltage and current monitoring system or SVCMS. The SVCMS is designed to monitor the performance of a three phase grid by measuring voltage and current. The SVCMS design consists of two parts; the first is the control system shown in Figure 1a. This system has been designed using the Arduino Nano V3.0 as a microcontroller to read and calculate the RMS voltage and current from sensor units [10,11]. The Arduino Nano V3.0 is an open source platform that is very cheap, flexible, and has special-purpose data processing capabilities [12]. Similar applications have been proposed for previous versions of this microcontroller [9,13,14]. The voltage sensor unit design is based on the ZMPT101B current transformer (Interplus Industry Co. Ltd., Sensors 2017, 17, 872; doi:10.3390/s17040872

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voltage sensor unit design is based on the ZMPT101B current transformer (Interplus Industry Co. Shenzhen, China) andand it amplifies thethe signals using a aLM358 TX, Ltd., Shenzhen, China) it amplifies signals using LM358IC IC(Texas (TexasInstruments, Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA) [15,16]. [15,16]. The The current current sensor sensor unit unit is is designed designed based based on on an an ACS712 ACS712 chip chip (Allegro (Allegro Microsystems, Microsystems, USA) Both voltage voltage and and current current units units are are isolated, isolated, very very cheap, cheap,and andeasy easyto touse. use. Worcester, MA, USA) [17]. Both The last last part part in in the the control control system system is is the the Bluetooth Bluetooth HC-05 HC-05 (Guangzhou (Guangzhou HC HC Information Information Technology Technology The Co. Ltd., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China) China) [18,19]. [18,19]. This ThisBluetooth BluetoothHC-05, HC-05,isisone one of of several several types types of of wireless wireless Co. communication [20] [20] (ZigBee, (ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi, etc.) etc.) unit unit placed placed between between the the control control system system and and the the end end user user communication (monitoring system). (monitoring

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. SVCMS Model: (a) Control system; (b) Monitoring system. Figure 1. SVCMS Model: (a) Control system; (b) Monitoring system.

The second part of the SVCMS, seen in Figure 1b, is the monitoring system or monitoring The second of theon SVCMS, in Figure 1b, is theThis monitoring system or monitoring application that ispart installed a tabletseen or smartphone device. application monitors the data application that is installed on a tablet or smartphone device. This application monitors data (three phase voltage and current) received from the microcontroller. This paper usesthe a new (three phase voltage and current) received from the microcontroller. This paper uses a new application application designed using MIT App Inventor 2, an open source platform from Google, that can be designed using different MIT Apptypes Inventor 2, an open source platform from Google, can be used to design used to design of applications that can be implemented of that Android smartphones or different types of applications that can be implemented of Android smartphones or tablets [21–24]. tablets [21–24]. The aim aim of of this this work work was was to to design design and and implement implement aa low low cost cost and and safe safe three three phase phase measuring measuring The system and and to to design design aa smartphone smartphone application application to to monitor monitor the the data data received received from from the the three three phase phase system measuring system. The SVCMS has been designed to measure three phase voltages and currents forfor all measuring system. The SVCMS has been designed to measure three phase voltages and currents three phase systems thatthat have a line to ground voltage of less 250 VAC current value of less all three phase systems have a line to ground voltage ofthan less than 250 with VACawith a current value than 30 A. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: Section 2 presents the relevant related research, of less than 30 A. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: Section 2 presents the relevant related Section 3 Section presents3 the SVCMS of design both hardware and software detail, Section research, presents thedesign SVCMS of both hardware and in software in detail,4 discusses Section 4 the practical hardware and software system results, and finally, Section 5 presents conclusions and discusses the practical hardware and software system results, and finally, Section 5 presents suggests further work. conclusions and suggests further work. 2. Related Work 2. Related Work This section discusses the system which has been designed and compares it with some This section discusses the system which has been designed and compares it with some related related work in the same area, such as similar studies using different techniques, like different work in the same area, such as similar studies using different techniques, like different types of types of voltage and current sensors, wireless communication technology, type of microcontroller, voltage and current sensors, wireless communication technology, type of microcontroller, and and monitoring systems. monitoring systems. The SVCMS that has been designed in this research consists of voltage and current sensors for The SVCMS that has been designed in this research consists of voltage and current sensors for a a three phase system, an Arduino Nano V3.0 microcontroller (electronics_lee Co. Ltd, Wuxi, China), three phase system, an Arduino Nano V3.0 microcontroller (electronics_lee Co. Ltd, Wuxi, China), Bluetooth HC-05 as the wireless communication system, and a new Android smartphone application Bluetooth HC-05 as the wireless communication system, and a new Android smartphone application designed to monitor the measured values. Table 1 shows a list of the devices used in other proposals designed to monitor the measured values. Table 1 shows a list of the devices used in other proposals in this area. in this area.

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Table 1. List of related works. Sensors 2017, 17, 872 Related Work [Reference] Year

3 of 16 Communication Type of Application System Sensors Table 1. List of related works.

Microcontroller

Voltage and Smart Power ZigBee Communication Current Monitoring Application Type of Sensors System Voltage and Meters —SmartSmart Power Current ZigBee Voltage and Current Monitoring Voltage and Power Meter Ethernet Shield Tamkittikhun et al. [20], 2015 Smart Current Design Aurilio et al. [1], 2014 ---Voltage and Current Meters Temperature Tamkittikhun [20], MeterLamp Salamone etetal.al.[2], 2016 PowerSmart EthernetBluetooth Shield Voltage Current andand Humidity 2015 Design Sung et al. [25], 2013 Smart LED Wi-Fi + ZigBee Temperature Light Sensor and Salamone et al. [2], 2016 Smart Lamp Bluetooth Humidity Monitoring ZigBee pH Probe Di Gennaro et al. [26], 2014 System Wi-Fi + ZigBee Sung et al. [25], 2013 Smart LED Light Sensor Di Gennaro et al. [26], Monitoring Monitoring ZigBeeCable pH Probe Temperature Calderón et al. [7], 2016 2014 System System Monitoring Calderón et al. [7], 2016 Cable Temperature Monitoring System Wi-Fi Webcam Kim et al. [27], 2015 System Monitoring Kim et al. [27], 2015 Wi-Fi Webcam System Gill et al. [5], 2012 Related Work [Reference] Year Aurilio et al. [1], 2014 Gill et al. [5], 2012

PC Microcontroller Arduino Shield PC Arduino Mega 2560 Shield Arduino

Monitoring System PC Monitoring System Ordinary PC PC Ordinary

Arduino Mega Arduino Mega Smartphone PC 2560 2560 XP-8000 Mega Smartphone Arduino Smartphone 2560 Raspberry Pi PC XP-8000 Smartphone Arduino Mega Pi Raspberry PC PC and PC Arduino Mega and Embedded PC PC Linux Board Smartphone Embedded and ArduinoLinux Smartphone Board and Arduino

3. SVCMS Design 3. SVCMS Design The SVCMS design in Figure 1 consists of two parts: the control system (practical system) and The SVCMS design in Figure 1 consists of two parts: the control system (practical system) and software system (the program of the microcontroller and smartphone application). software system (the program of the microcontroller and smartphone application). 3.1. Control System (Hardware Design) 3.1. Control System (Hardware Design) The control system of the SVCMS in Figure 1a has been designed to measure the voltage and The of the SVCMS Figure 1a has been designed to measure thebevoltage current ofcontrol a three system phase system. Then theinmicrocontroller calculates the RMS values to sent to and the current of a three phase system. Then the microcontroller calculates the RMS values to be sent to the smartphone application using Bluetooth as the wireless communication method. The practical module smartphone application using Bluetooth as the wireless communication method. The practical of the control system (SVCMS) includes the following parts: module of the control system (SVCMS) includes the following parts: 1. Voltage sensor unit 1. Voltage sensor unit 2. Current sensor unit 2. Current sensor unit 3. Microcontroller unit 3. Microcontroller unit 4. Wireless communication 4. Wireless communication unit unit The The four four units units of of the the hardware hardwarecontrol controlsystem systemare areshown shownin inFigure Figure2.2.

(a)

(b) Figure 2. Cont. Figure 2. Cont.

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(c) (c)

(d) (d)

Figure2.2.Hardware Hardwarecomponents: components:(a) (a)voltage voltagesensor sensorunit; unit;(b) (b)current currentsensor sensorunit; unit;(c) (c)Arduino ArduinoNano, Nano, Figure Figure 2. Hardware components: (a) voltage sensor unit; (b) current sensor unit; (c) Arduino Nano, (d) Bluetooth HC-05. (d) Bluetooth Bluetooth HC-05. HC-05. (d)

3.1.1.Voltage VoltageSensor SensorUnit Unit 3.1.1. 3.1.1. Voltage Sensor Unit Thevoltage voltagesensor sensorcircuit circuitthat thatisisshown shownin inFigure Figure33isisdesigned designedto tomeasure measurethe themaximum maximumAC AC The The that voltage sensor circuit thatbased is shown in Figure 3 is designed toThis measure the maximum AC voltage is less than 250 VAC on components in Figure 2a. circuit uses a differential voltage that is less than 250 VAC based on components in Figure 2a. This circuit uses a differential voltage thatafter is less 230 thanVACrms 250 VACwith based on components Figure 2a. This circuit uses a differential attenuator tolerance lessthan than5in 5VACpp. VACpp. The output waveform VAC)of of attenuator after aa230 VACrms with tolerance less The output waveform (5(5VAC) attenuator after a 230 VACrms with tolerance less than 5 VACpp. The output waveform (5 VAC) of the circuit is riding on DC voltage as an offset (about 2.5 V) and the amplitude can be adjusted by the circuit is riding on DC voltage as an offset (about 2.5 V) and the amplitude can be adjusted by the circuit is riding on greater DC voltage anThe offset (about 2.5 circuit V) and the amplitude can be adjusted by potentiometer butnot not than5as 5V. V. output ofthe the connected directly tothe theADC ADCpin pin potentiometer but greater than The output of circuit isisconnected directly to potentiometer but not greater than 5 V. The output of the circuit is connected directly to the ADC pin of the Arduino microcontroller. of the Arduino microcontroller. of the Arduino microcontroller.

Figure 3. Voltage sensor circuit—A band pass (~50 Hz). Figure3.3.Voltage Voltagesensor sensorcircuit—A circuit—Aband bandpass pass(~50 (~50Hz). Hz). Figure

The voltage sensor circuit design in Figure 3 is based on three stages: Thevoltage voltagesensor sensorcircuit circuitdesign designin inFigure Figure33isisbased basedon onthree threestages: stages: The 1.1. A ZMPT101B current transformer (Interplus Industry Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China) ZMPT101Bcurrent currenttransformer transformer(Interplus (InterplusIndustry IndustryCo. Co.Ltd., Ltd.,Shenzhen, Shenzhen,China) China)[15] [15]with withlow low 1. AAZMPT101B [15] with low impedance load (R2). The ZMPT101B is a small size current transformer with good consistency impedanceload load(R2). (R2).The TheZMPT101B ZMPT101Bisisaasmall smallsize sizecurrent currenttransformer transformerwith withgood goodconsistency consistency impedance and isolation for voltage measurements. The main properties of of thethe transformer areare explained in and isolation for voltage measurements. The main properties transformer explained and isolation for voltage measurements. The main properties of the transformer are explained Table 2 [15] and the characteristics are shown in Figure 4. Two curves in the Figure 4 inTable Table [15] andoutput theoutput output characteristics areshown shown inFigure Figure Twoshow curves show inthe the in 22[15] and the characteristics are in 4.4.Two curves show in depended to the input resistance of ZMPT101B, Figure 4a shows the relation between the RMS Figure44depended dependedto tothe theinput inputresistance resistanceof ofZMPT101B, ZMPT101B,Figure Figure4a 4ashows showsthe therelation relationbetween between Figure input current and RMS output voltage andvoltage Figure and 4b shows the relation between thebetween RMS input the RMS input current and RMS output Figure 4b shows the relation the the RMS input current and RMS output voltage and Figure 4b shows the relation between the current and phase angle error of the output signal (theoutput input resistance R1input is connected in series RMS input current and phase angle error of the signal (the resistance R1 RMS input current and phase angle error of the output signal (the input resistance R1 isis with the transformer). connected inseries serieswith withthe thetransformer). transformer). connected in 2.2. Two stages of of bandpass-amplifier are based on LM358 IC [16].IC This chipThis consists two operation Two stages bandpass-amplifier are based based on LM358 LM358 [16]. chipof consists of two two 2. Two stages of bandpass-amplifier are on IC [16]. This chip consists of amplifiers with the properties of: operationamplifiers amplifierswith withthe theproperties propertiesof: of: operation

• •

Lowpower powerconsumption consumption Low A widesingle single powersupply supply (3VVto to 32V) V) A A wide wide single power power supply (3 (3 V to 32 32 V)

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(a)

(b) Figure Figure 4. 4. Output Output characteristics characteristics of of ZMPT101B ZMPT101B [15]: [15]: (a) (a) output output voltage voltage and and input input current; current; (b) (b) phase phase angle and input current. angle and input current. Table Table 2. 2. The The main main properties properties of of ZMPT101B ZMPT101B [15]. [15]. Parameter Parameter Turns Ratio Turns Ratio Primary and Secondary Current Primary and Secondary Current Dielectric Level Dielectric Frequency Range Level Frequency Phase Angle Error Range Phase Angle Error

Value Value 1000:1000 2 1000:1000 mA and 2 mA 2 mA 2 mA 3000and VAC/min 300050~60 VAC/min Hz 50~60 Hz ≤20°, (50 Ω) ≤20◦ , (50 Ω)

3.1.2. Current Sensor Unit 3.1.2. Current Sensor Unit The current measuring circuit, shown in Figure 5, is based on the Allegro ACS712 IC sensor [17]. The current circuit, shown in Figure 5, is based theDC Allegro ACS712 sensor [17]. The ACS712 IC ismeasuring a linear current sensor used for measuring ACon and currents. This IC device comes The ACS712 is a the linear current sensor used fortomeasuring AC and DC currents. This device comes in three typesICfrom manufacturer according the maximum current sensed (±5, ±20, and ±30 A). in three types from the manufacturer according to the maximum current sensed ( ± 5, ± 20, and ± 30 A). In this paper, the ACS712-30A was used as the current sensor. The ACS712-30A can measure currents In this paper, thewith ACS712-30A used as the current sensor. ACS712-30A up to ±30 A and 66 mV/Awas output sensitivity on a +5 V DCThe power supply. can measure currents up to ±30 A and with 66 mV/A output sensitivity on a +5 V DC power supply. From data sheet [17], Figure 6 shows the curve of relation between the DC input voltage and measuring current. The main properties of the ACS712 chip are shown in Table 3.

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Figure 5. Current sensor circuit.

From data sheet [17], Figure 6 shows the curve of relation between the DC input voltage and Figure5.5. Current Current sensor circuit. Figure sensor measuring current. The main properties of the ACS712 chipcircuit. are shown in Table 3.

From data sheet [17], Figure 6 shows the curve of relation between the DC input voltage and measuring current. The main properties of the ACS712 chip are shown in Table 3.

Figure 6. The ideal curve of the measuring current of ACS712 (Imax = 30 A) [17]. Figure 6. The ideal curve of the measuring current of ACS712 (Imax = 30 A) [17]. Table 3. The main properties of ACS712 [17].

Table 3. The main properties of ACS712 [17].

3.1.3.

Parameter Value= 30 A) [17]. Figure 6. The ideal curve of the measuring current of ACS712 (Imax Supply Voltage 5V Parameter Value Minimum Isolation Voltage & Output) of ACS712 [17]. 2.1 kVrms Table 3. The(Input main properties Supply Voltage 5V Sensitivity (±5, ±20 and ±30) A (66,100, 185) mV/A Minimum Isolation Voltage (Input & Output) 2.1 kVrms Parameter Value Working Temperature From (−40 to + 85) °C Sensitivity (±5, ±20 and ±30) A (66,100, 185) mV/A Supply Voltage V Consumed Current 10 5mA Working Temperature From (−40 to + 85) ◦ C Minimum Isolation Voltage (Input & Output) 2.1 kVrms Consumed Current 10 mA Sensitivity (±5, ±20 and ±30) A (66,100, 185) mV/A 3.1.3. The Microcontroller Working Temperature From (−40 to + 85) °C As previously mentioned, the main component of the control unit is10the The Microcontroller Consumed Current mAArduino development

board. The Arduino Nano V3.0 board, shown in Figure 1c, is an open source electronics prototyping

As previously component of hardware the control unit is the Arduino development platform basedmentioned, on V3.0 on the the main ATmega328, flexible and software. All manufacturer 3.1.3. The Microcontroller board.properties The Arduino NanoinV3.0 indiagram Figure 1c, is an in open source are shown Tableboard, 4, whileshown the pins is shown Figure 7. electronics prototyping previously the main flexible component of the control unit is the development platformAs based on V3.0mentioned, on the ATmega328, hardware and software. AllArduino manufacturer properties board. The Arduino Nano V3.0 board, shown in Figure 1c, is an open source electronics prototyping Table 4. Arduino Nano Properties. are shown in Table 4, while the pins diagram is shown in Figure 7. platform based onParameter V3.0 on the ATmega328, flexible hardware Value and software. All manufacturer properties are shown in Table 4, while the pins diagram is shown in Figure 7. Table 4. Arduino Nano Properties. Microcontroller ATmega328 Operating Voltage (logic level) 5V Table 4. Arduino Properties. Flash Memory, Parameter EEPROM, and SRAM 32 kB Nano of which 2 kB used by bootloader, 1 kB, and 2 kB Value Clock Speed 16 MHz Microcontroller ATmega328 Parameter Value Analog I/O Pins Operating Voltage (logic level) 5 V8 Microcontroller ATmega328 Flash Memory, EEPROM, and SRAM 32 kB of which 2 kB used by bootloader, 1 kB, and 2 kB Operating Voltage (logic level) 5V Clock Speed 16 MHz Flash Memory, EEPROM, and SRAM 32 kB of which 2 kB used Analog I/O Pins 8 by bootloader, 1 kB, and 2 kB Speed 16 MHz DCClock Current per I/O Pins 40 mA (I/O Pins) Input 7–12 V8 Analog I/OVoltage Pins Digital I/O Pins 22 PWM Output 6 Power Consumption 19 mA

DC Current per I/O Pins Input Voltage Digital I/O Pins PWM Output Sensors 2017, 17, 872 Power Consumption

40 mA (I/O Pins) 7–12 V 22 6 19 mA

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Figure Figure 7. 7. Pin Pin diagram diagram of of Arduino Arduino Nano Nano [28]. [28].

The A/D converter of Arduino Nano is 10-bit and the measuring current of the circuit is 30 A The A/D converter of Arduino Nano is 10-bit and the measuring current of the circuit is 30 A (ranging from −30 to +30) A. From the above data (Tables 2 and 3), the quantisation noise of the A/D (ranging from −30 to +30) A. From the above data (Tables 2 and 3), the quantisation noise of the A/D converter can be calculated by Equation (1): converter can be calculated by Equation (1): 𝐼𝑚 60 (1) 𝑄𝑁 = 𝑁 I = 10 60 = 0.058651 ≈ 58.651 mA m1 2 − 2 = 10− 1 = 0.058651 ≈ 58.651 mA QN = N (1) 2 −1 2 −1 where: QN: quantisation noise; Im: measuring range; N: A/D bits of the converter. where QN: quantisation noise; Im : measuring range; N: A/D bits of the converter. 3.1.4. Wireless Communication 3.1.4. Wireless Communication The Bluetooth HC-05 module shown in Figure 1d was used as the wireless communication The Bluetooth module shown in Figure 1d was used as the wireless communication device device between theHC-05 microcontroller and the end user (smartphone device). This model is connected between the microcontroller and the end user (smartphone device). This model is connected directly directly to the Arduino Nano V3.0. The Bluetooth HC-05 properties are shown in Table 5. to the Arduino Nano V3.0. The Bluetooth HC-05 properties are shown in Table 5. Table 5. Properties of Bluetooth HC-05. Table 5. Properties of Bluetooth HC-05. Parameter Value Frequency ISM band, 2.4 GHz Parameter Value Synchronous 1 Mbps/1 Mbps Frequency ISM band, 2.4 GHz Power Supply +3.3 VDC 50 mA Synchronous 1 Mbps/1 Mbps Working Temperature (−25~+75) Power Supply +3.3 VDC 50°C mA ◦C TransmitTemperature Power Class 2, ≤4 dBm Working (−25~+75) Transmit Power Class 2, ≤4 dBm

The final SVCMS hardware is shown in Figure 8, the system consists of four units, which are: (1) Arduino V3.0, (2)hardware three voltage sensors, (3) three current sensors, andof (4)four Bluetooth HC-5 as a The Nano final SVCMS is shown in Figure 8, the system consists units, which are: (1) Arduino Nano V3.0, (2) three voltage sensors, (3) three current sensors, and (4) Bluetooth HC-5 as a wireless communication. In Figure 8, the connection of all components and how it works together are shown in order to yield the data and also shows how the data is read by the oscilloscope to check

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wireless communication. In Figure 8, the connection of all components and how it works together are shown in order to yield the data and also shows how the data is read by the oscilloscope to check the thesystem system errors or mistakes during the connection. The approximate total cost of themodel SVCMS forfor errors or mistakes during the connection. The approximate total cost of the SVCMS model using parts acquired from eBay stores, as presented in Table 6, was 25€. using parts acquired from eBay stores, as presented in Table 6, was 25€.

Figure 8. The SVCMS hardware system. Figure 8. The SVCMS hardware system. Table 6. SVCMS model cost analysis. Table 6. SVCMS model cost analysis. Component Hardware Voltage Sensor Single-phase AC Voltage Sensor Circuit Component Hardware Current Sensor Single-phase AC current Sensor Circuit Voltage Sensor Single-phase AC Voltage Sensor Circuit Wireless Communication HC-5 Bluetooth Current Sensor Single-phase AC current Sensor Circuit Microcontroller Board Arduino Nano Wireless Communication HC-5 Bluetooth Total cost from eBay stores (approximately) Microcontroller Board Arduino Nano Total cost from eBay stores (approximately)

3.2. Monitoring System (Software Design)

Quantity 3 Quantity 3 3 1 3 1 1 1

Price (€) 3×4.26 Price (€) 3×1.7 3 × 4.26 3.41 3 × 1.7 3.26 3.41 24.55 3.26 24.55

Two types of program areDesign) used in this work, the first one is for the Arduino microcontroller to 3.2. Monitoring System (Software read the data from the voltage and current sensors and send the results by Bluetooth to the end user. Two types of program are used in this work, the first one is for the Arduino microcontroller to The second one is for monitoring the received data from the microcontroller. The monitoring system read the data from the voltage and current sensors and send the results by Bluetooth to the end user. or monitoring software of the SVCMS is installed on an Android smartphone or a tablet as shown in The second for monitoring the received datathe from microcontroller. system Figure 1b.one Thisisapplication is designed to monitor datathe (three phase voltageThe and monitoring current) received or from monitoring software of the SVCMS is installed on an Android smartphone or a tablet as shown in the microcontroller. Figure 1b. This application is designed to monitor the data (three phase voltage and current) received from theMicrocontroller microcontroller. 3.2.1. Program Figure 9 shows Program the main open source platform of the Arduino Nano microcontroller and shows 3.2.1. Microcontroller the microcontroller codes to read the data from the voltage and current sensor units, and then send shows main source platform Arduino Nanoand microcontroller theFigure data to9 the endthe user. Thisopen program is written in of anthe Arduino platform then uploadsand it toshows the theArduino microcontroller codes read the data In from voltage and current units, andprogram then send board using the to USB connection. thisthe part of the program it cansensor be seen that the thechecks data to end user.ofThis program device is written in ifan platform and then it to the thethe availability the Bluetooth to see it Arduino is connected or not in order to uploads read the result Arduino board connection. In this part ofcommunication the program itprotocols. can be seen that the program and send this using data tothe theUSB smartphone via the Bluetooth checks the availability of the Bluetooth device to see if it is connected or not in order to read the result and send this data to the smartphone via the Bluetooth communication protocols.

3.2.2. Monitoring Program The voltage and current for three phases are monitored by the android smartphone application. This application developed by the MIT App Inventor 2, as open source platform available from Google as online software for Android project applications. The main screen of the MIT App Inventor 2 is shown in Figure 10. This screen consists of component sets and program tools. These components include some visible items on the final smartphone application (e.g., texts, buttons, labels, etc.) and invisible items like the database, wireless tools, etc.

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Figure 9. Main microcontroller program.

3.2.2. Monitoring Program The voltage and current for three phases are monitored by the android smartphone application. This application developed by the MIT App Inventor 2, as open source platform available from Google as online software for Android project applications. The main screen of the MIT App Inventor 2 is shown in Figure 10. This screen consists of component sets and program tools. These components include some visible items on the final smartphone application (e.g., texts, buttons, labels, etc.) and Figure 9. Main microcontroller program. Figure 9. Main microcontroller program. invisible items like the database, wireless tools, etc. 3.2.2. Monitoring Program The voltage and current for three phases are monitored by the android smartphone application. This application developed by the MIT App Inventor 2, as open source platform available from Google as online software for Android project applications. The main screen of the MIT App Inventor 2 is shown in Figure 10. This screen consists of component sets and program tools. These components include some visible items on the final smartphone application (e.g., texts, buttons, labels, etc.) and invisible items like the database, wireless tools, etc.

Figure Figure10. 10. Main Main screen screenof ofMIT MITApp AppInventor Inventor2.2.

4. Discussion and Results There are more methods for controlling and monitoring a three phase circuit depending on the controller or the type of display for the results of the voltage and current. In this paper, a new method for monitoring and displaying the three phase system is given; this method is called the

Figure 10. Main screen of MIT App Inventor 2.

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4. Discussion and Results are SensorsThere 2017, 17, 872more

methods for controlling and monitoring a three phase circuit depending 10 onofthe 16 controller or the type of display for the results of the voltage and current. In this paper, a new method for monitoring and displaying the three phase system is given; this method is called the smart voltage smart voltagemonitoring and currentsystem, monitoring system,where or SVCMS, where a smartphone is used instead of and current or SVCMS, a smartphone is used instead of traditional traditional methods like an LCD display or an analog method for monitoring and displaying methods like an LCD display or an analog method for monitoring and displaying the results.the It results. of two major parts are theand control and monitoring parts. Thepart control consistsItofconsists two major parts which arewhich the control monitoring parts. The control has part four has four branches which are: a voltage sensora unit, a current unit, the Arduino branches which are: a voltage sensor unit, current sensorsensor unit, the Arduino NanoNano V3.0 V3.0 unit, unit, and and wireless communication unit (Bluetooth device), while the second part contains the monitoring wireless communication unit (Bluetooth device), while the second part contains the monitoring part part monitors voltage current three phasesusing usingthe theAndroid Android smartphone smartphone application that that monitors the the voltage andand current forfor three phases application which is written using the MIT App Inventor 2, an open source software platform available which is written using the MIT App Inventor 2, an open source software platform available from from Google Google for for Android Android project project applications. applications. Now, Now, the the control control part part will will be be discussed. discussed. It mainly consists of two two sensors sensors for for measuring measuring the the voltage and current. The voltage sensor contains the transformer and two op-amps (LM358). According voltage and current. The voltage sensor contains the transformer and two op-amps (LM358). to Section 3.1.1 and the voltage sensor circuit in Figure 3, in theFigure Matlab simulation the three According to Section 3.1.1 and the voltage sensor circuit 3,Simulink the Matlab Simulinkof simulation phase voltage system is shown in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows the three phase voltage source and three of the three phase voltage system is shown in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows the three phase voltage voltage sensors. Figure 11 explains how the voltage can be simulated using the Matlab/Simulink source and three voltage sensors. Figure 11 explains how the voltage can be simulated using the in which the input is shown in scope-A1 (which is about 230 V) while the230 output voltage Matlab/Simulink involtage which the input voltage is shown in scope-A1 (which is about V) while the can be measured in pin VS-OUT and these three phase voltages (phase-A, phase-B, and phase-C) output voltage can be measured in pin VS-OUT and these three phase voltages (phase-A, phase-B, can shown can through the scope-A2 (thisscope-A2 voltage is about 5 V).isThe waveform input andof output andbe phase-C) be shown through the (this voltage about 5 V). Theofwaveform input voltage of Figure 11ofisFigure shown11 inisFigure input sine wave sine is offset to zero and and output voltage shown12. in The Figure 12. voltage The input voltage waveequal is offset equal to upper with lower voltage of 230 V. The output voltage in Figure 12 ranges between 0 and 5 V for the zero and upper with lower voltage of 230 V. The output voltage in Figure 12 ranges between 0 and 5 microcontroller which is offset around 2.5 around V. This circuit used to reduce theto voltage order to deal V for the microcontroller which is offset 2.5 V. is This circuit is used reduceinthe voltage in with the high voltage. order to deal with the high voltage.

Figure 11. Matlab/Simulink of the three phase voltage system. Figure 11. Matlab/Simulink of the three phase voltage system.

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Figure 12. 12. Simulation Simulation result result (input (input and and output) output) voltage. voltage. Figure

The 5, which which is The second second sensor sensor is is the the current current sensor, sensor, as as shown shown in in Figure Figure 5, is based based on on the the ACS712 ACS712 IC IC sensor. This sensor can work under a limit of 30 A with 66 mV/A sensitivity with +5 V DC power sensor. This sensor can work under a limit of 30 A with 66 mV/A sensitivity with +5 V DC power supply. supply. Figure Figure 66 explains explains the the relation relation between between the the output output voltage voltage and and phase phase current current and and it it can can be be ◦ ◦ noticed that the relation is linear under different temperature conditions from −40 °C to 125 °C; this noticed that the relation is linear under different temperature conditions from −40 C to 125 C; this relation is exactly relation increase increase is exactly linear linear and and that that means means the the increase increase in in current current taken taken will will lead lead to to an an increase increase in the voltage voltage output. output. Also Also one onecan cannotice noticethat thatthe thechange changeinintemperature temperaturewill will not affect activity in the not affect thethe activity of of this circuit. this circuit. The The control control and and software software flowchart flowchart of of the the SVCMS SVCMS is is shown shown in in Figure Figure 13. 13. According According to to Section Section 3.2, 3.2, the shows how control system system works the flowchart flowchart in in Figure Figure 13a 13a shows how the the control works (reading (reading data data from from sensors sensors and and sending Nano through thethe Bluetooth HC-05 to sending this this data dataafter aftercalculating calculatingthe theRMS RMSvalues valuesbybyArduino Arduino Nano through Bluetooth HC-05 the end user). Figure 13b shows the to the end user). Figure 13b shows theflowchart flowchartofofthe thesmartphone smartphoneapplication applicationprogram program and and how how to to receive data by smartphone Bluetooth from the microcontroller (control system) and then monitor receive data by smartphone Bluetooth from the microcontroller (control system) and then monitor the the results. It can be noted smartphone checks Bluetooth device to see is active results. It can be noted thatthat thethe smartphone checks thethe Bluetooth device to see if itifisit active or or notnot in in order to receive from the Bluetooth device HC-05 that is connected with Arduino order to receive the the datadata from the Bluetooth device HC-05 that is connected with Arduino Nano.Nano. After After reading the datacheck it willevery check every phase and will A. If and the current voltagehave and reading the data it will phase and will begin withbegin phasewith A. If phase the voltage current have values and is never equal to zero then it will display these values, while if the voltage values and is never equal to zero then it will display these values, while if the voltage is zero then is it zerodisplay then it will display (SC) and with current to zero (NL) and with together will the (SC) andthe with current equal to zeroequal display (NL)display and with together equal to zeroequal then to zero then (NC). that will the program check the (phase secondB) phase (phasethe B) and display (NC).display After that theAfter program check thewill second phase and repeat samerepeat steps the same steps forgo phase A, then go to phasesame C and repeat same procedure for phases. the other two phases. for phase A, then to phase C and repeat procedure for the other two Finally, it will Finally, will return to “receive data” and repeat the same procedure in order to update reading return toit“receive data” and repeat the same procedure in order to update the reading andthe display the and display the new data received. new data received.

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Figure Figure 13. 13. Flowchart FlowchartofofSVCMS: SVCMS:(a) (a)Flowchart Flowchartof of Arduino Arduino Nano Nano V3.0 V3.0 Software; Software; (b) (b) Flowchart Flowchart of of Android application Software. Android application Software.

According to the Matlab/Simulink waveform in Figure 12, the Arduino Nano V3.0 calculates the According to the Matlab/Simulink waveform in Figure 12, the Arduino Nano V3.0 calculates the RMS Value for voltage and current by Equations (2) and (3). The three phase voltage is presented in RMS Value for voltage and current by Equations (2) and (3). The three phase voltage is presented in Equations (4)–(6): Equations (4)–(6): r1 Z𝑇 T (𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝑝ℎ (𝑅𝑀𝑆) = √ 1 ∗ ∫ 𝑉 𝑇 ∗ 0 𝑝ℎ Vph (t)2 dt Vph ( RMS) = T 0 r Z𝑇 T 11 2 I𝐼𝑝ℎ RMS = ∗ ( ) √ (𝑅𝑀𝑆) (𝑡)(t2)𝑑𝑡dt = T∗ ∫ 𝐼𝑝ℎI ph ph 𝑇 00 where T = 1/frequency where: T = 1/frequency

(2) (2) (3)(3)

VA = Vm sinθ 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 VB =𝐴Vm sin (θ − 120)

(4) (4) (5)

𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 V𝐵C = =𝑉V sin(θ−+120) 120) 𝑚m

(5)(6)

The Android smartphone application fifth 𝜃unit connected to the control system by Bluetooth. (6) 𝑉𝐶 is=the 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 120) The android application of SVCMS is shown in Figure 14. Figure 14a shows the SVCMS Android The Android application fifth unit connected to the control system by application before smartphone it connects the Bluetooth is to the the control system (the status is “disconnect”) while Bluetooth. android application is shown Figure 14. Figure shows the SVCMS Figure 14bThe explains the condition of of theSVCMS Bluetooth device in after connecting (the 14a status is “connect”) but Android application before it connects the Bluetooth to the control system (the status is “disconnect”) no result appears in the main screen as the control system is not working (which means that there is while Figure 14b explains the condition of the Bluetooth device after connecting (the status is “connect”) but no result appears in the main screen as the control system is not working (which

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no signal all six sensors). Figure presents all states of monitoring according to the according flowchart means thatfor there is no signal for all six14c sensors). Figure 14c presents all states of monitoring application in Figure 12b. to the flowchart application in Figure 12b.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure Figure 14. 14. The The SVCMS SVCMS android android application: application: (a) (a) control control system system disconnected; disconnected; (b) (b) control control system system connected (no measuring signals received); and (c) all states of measuring sensors are shown. connected (no measuring signals received); and (c) all states of measuring sensors are shown.

Figure 14 explains the different cases of the connection and cases of phases. In Figure 15a the six Figure 14 explains the different cases of the connection and cases of phases. In Figure 15a the sensor reading is zero, that means the sensor is not working because the Bluetooth device was in the six sensor reading is zero, that means the sensor is not working because the Bluetooth device was off state. In Figure 15b the Bluetooth is working but the device and sensors are not connected and in the off state. In Figure 15b the Bluetooth is working but the device and sensors are not connected without receiving signals, while in Figure 15c the program is working and reading different data and without receiving signals, while in Figure 15c the program is working and reading different data received from the sensors with special cases of voltage and current like “SC” and “NL”. received from the sensors with special cases of voltage and current like “SC” and “NL”. Figure 15 shows more screens that are programmed to explain how this system (hardware and Figure 15 shows more screens that are programmed to explain how this system (hardware and software) works. Figure 15a shows the abstract that is written in this paper and gives a brief idea software) works. Figure 15a shows the abstract that is written in this paper and gives a brief idea about about this system for controlling and monitoring the three phases and how to it can display the results this system for controlling and monitoring the three phases and how to it can display the results while while Figure 15b shows the name of the journal where it was submitted and extra information such Figure 15b shows the name of the journal where it was submitted and extra information such as the as the specific dates like received, accepted, and published dates. Figure 15c explains the control flow specific dates like received, accepted, and published dates. Figure 15c explains the control flow chart chart for the SVCMS control system and how it works while Figure 15d shows the second type of for the SVCMS control system and how it works while Figure 15d shows the second type of flow chart, flow chart, which is the application flow chart, which works on smartphones and how it can display which is the application flow chart, which works on smartphones and how it can display the results. the results. Then Figure 15e explains the first types of sensors, which are the voltage sensors, and Then Figure 15e explains the first types of sensors, which are the voltage sensors, and shows the circuit shows the circuit diagram of this sensor. Finally, Figure 15f shows the circuit diagram of the second diagram of this sensor. Finally, Figure 15f shows the circuit diagram of the second sensor, the current sensor, the current sensor, and explains the components of this sensor. sensor, and explains the components of this sensor.

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Figure Figure 15. 15. The TheSVCMS SVCMSadditional additionalscreen: screen:(a) (a)abstract; abstract;(b) (b)journal journalinformation; information;(c) (c)Arduino Arduinoflowchart; flowchart; (d) Android flowchart; (e) voltage sensor unit; (f) current sensor unit. [NOTE: The (d) Android flowchart; (e) voltage sensor unit; (f) current sensor unit. [NOTE: The system system design design is is based on only one SVCMS application and can be connected by the Arduino Nano at a given based on only one SVCMS application and can be connected by the Arduino Nano at a given time]. time].

5. 5. Conclusions Conclusions and and Future Future Work Work A A smart smart voltage voltage and and current current monitoring monitoring system system (SVCMS), (SVCMS), is is designed designed and and implemented implemented to to measure and monitor three phase voltages and currents. The SVCMS model is more cost effective measure and monitor three phase voltages and currents. The SVCMS model is more cost effective than than similar models use heavy current transformers (CTs). is also safer having to measure similar models that that use heavy current transformers (CTs). It is It also safer thanthan having to measure the the mains voltages very often. It is a low cost and easily applicable model for measuring and mains voltages very often. It is a low cost and easily applicable model for measuring and monitoring monitoring phase system performance aswith compared with other models. The technician can with also three phasethree system performance as compared other models. The technician can also work work with the domain like virtual reality. The monitoring system uses a new Android smartphone the domain like virtual reality. The monitoring system uses a new Android smartphone application application MIT App 2. This application the three designed bydesigned MIT AppbyInventor 2. Inventor This application receives thereceives three phase RMS phase voltageRMS andvoltage current and current data from the Bluetooth device (HC-05). The SVCMS has been tested successfully. data from the Bluetooth device (HC-05). The SVCMS has been tested successfully. The future of smart monitoring system model and applications is to replace the Bluetooth wireless communication system by Internet of Things (IOT) technology [29,30]. This technology is

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The future of smart monitoring system model and applications is to replace the Bluetooth wireless communication system by Internet of Things (IOT) technology [29,30]. This technology is used to connect the sensors and devices over the internet by allowing them to talk to us, work in applications, and interact with each other. Acknowledgments: The first author appreciates the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research/IRAQ and Special Research of Ghent University for the financial support during this work. Author Contributions: All the authors contributed substantially to the work presented. Mohannad Jabbar Mnati did the simulation and experimental works. In addition, he wrote the paper. Alex Van den Bossche gave a conceptual approach and provided comments at all the stages of the simulation and experimental works. Alex Van den Bossche and Raad Farhood Chisab revised the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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A Smart Voltage and Current Monitoring System for Three Phase Inverters Using an Android Smartphone Application.

In this paper, a new smart voltage and current monitoring system (SVCMS) technique is proposed. It monitors a three phase electrical system using an A...
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