International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2015, 25, 20 -26 http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0244 © 2015 Human Kinetics, Inc
www.IJSNEM-Journal.com ORIGINAL RESEARCH
A Single Bout of Resistance Exercise Does Not Promote Excess Postexercise Energy Expenditure in Untrained Young Men with a Family History of Diabetes Jean Gutierrez, Andrei Gribok, William Rumpler, Avinash Chandran, and Loretta DiPietro Background: People with a family history of type 2 diabetes have lower energy expenditure (EE) and more obesity than those having no such family history. Resistance exercise (RE) may induce excess postexercise energy expenditure (EPEE) and reduce long-term risk for obesity in this susceptible group. Purpose: To determine the effect of RE on EPEE for 15 hr after a single exercise bout in healthy, untrained young men having a family history of type 2 diabetes. Design: Seven untrained men (23 ± 1.2 years, BMI 24 ± 1.1) completed a 48-hr protocol in a whole room calorimeter. The first day served as a control day, with a moderate 40-min RE bout occurring on the second day. Differences in postexercise EE were compared with matched periods from the control day for cumulative 15-min intervals (up to 150 min) and 15 hr after the RE bout was completed. Results: The most robust difference in EPEE between the experimental and control days was observed in the first 15-min postexercise period (M = 1.4Kcal/min; SD = 0.7; p < .05). No statistically significant differences in EPEE were noted beyond 90-min of continuous measurement. Conclusions: Young people with a family history of type 2 diabetes may not show EPEE after a single RE bout when observed for 15 hr after RE and long-term resistance training may be required to promote EPEE. Keywords: resistance training, strength training, metabolism, EPOC, EPEE, oxygen consumption The prevalence of diabetes among adults living in the United States has increased from about 8% in the early 1990s to approximately 11% in 2011(Cowie et al., 2009), and approximately 90% of all diabetes is type 2 diabetes. On average, the risk of type 2 diabetes in young people with a family history of the disease is more than double that of those having no such history (van ‘t Riet et al., 2010). Even before they present with hyperglycemia, healthy young people with a family history of type 2 diabetes exhibit excess abdominal adiposity (Groop et al., 1996), lower resting metabolic rate (Groop et al., 1996), and peripheral insulin resistance, as indicated by an impaired insulin-stimulated total and nonoxidative glucose disposal (Arslanian et al., 2005; Danadian et al., 1999). People with a family history of type 2 diabetes are more likely to develop the disease if they are overweight or obese (De Pergola et al., 2003); therefore, increasing total energy expenditure in at-risk groups may help to prevent the development of frank type 2 diabetes. Resistance exercise (RE) increases energy expenditure (EE) during the exercise itself, but also promotes Gutierrez, Chandran, and DiPietro are with the Dept. of Exercise Science, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, D.C. Gribok and Rumpler are with the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD. Address author correspondence to Jean Gutierrez at [email protected].
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increases in metabolically active lean mass, and may also promote excess postexercise exercise energy (EPEE), and thereby may increase daily total energy expenditure (TEE) (Borsheim & Bahr, 2003; Ohkawara et al., 2008). Previous research indicates that EPEE occurs in both rapid (immediately to 1 hr postexercise) and prolonged phases (Borsheim & Bahr, 2003; Sedlock et al., 1989). Some evidence indicates that EPEE is greater following resistance compared with aerobic exercise (Braun et al., 2005; Gillette et al., 1994) and with higher-, compared with low- or moderate-intensity activity (Gore & Withers, 1990; Thornton & Potteiger, 2002). Due to a number of methodological differences (e.g., varying training status of participants or replacement of nutrients postexercise), studies of EPEE are often equivocal (Borsheim & Bahr, 2003; Gore & Withers, 1990)(LaForgia, Withers, & Gore, 2006; Sedlock et al., 1989; Thornton & Potteiger, 2002)(Gore & Withers, 1990; LaForgia et al., 2006; Melby et al., 1993; Sedlock et al., 1989; Thornton & Potteiger, 2002). In the current study, young men with a family history of diabetes spent 48 continuous hours in a whole-room calorimeter, to determine the effects of a single 40-min bout of intense, circuit-style RE on EPEE and TEE. We hypothesized that young people with a family history of diabetes (who are thus predisposed to low resting and total EE) would nonetheless demonstrate a significant EPEE for up to 150-min (2.5-hr) compared with matched time on the control day. We further proposed that this increase in EE
Resistance Exercise Family History of Diabetes 21
would be sustained up to 15 hr, thereby contributing to increased TEE on the exercise day beyond which would be expected from the bout alone. To our knowledge, we are the first to test these hypotheses in healthy, untrained young men with a family history of type 2 diabetes.
Methods Participants Seven young (23 ± 1.2 years), lean (BMI 24 ± 1.1), nonsmoking male volunteers having a family history of diabetes participated in this study. We defined a family history as those sharing at least approximately 25% of DNA with a relative having diagnosed type 2 diabetes (parent, grandparent, aunt/uncle, or sibling). Men were recruited from the Washington, DC metropolitan area via an advertisement on Craig’s List. All participants were untrained and reported no regular physical activity or exercise training (< 2 times per week) within the previous six months and had a fasting blood glucose within the normal range (25% body fat) men have a blunted EPEE compared with untrained lean (
www.IJSNEM-Journal.com ORIGINAL RESEARCH
A Single Bout of Resistance Exercise Does Not Promote Excess Postexercise Energy Expenditure in Untrained Young Men with a Family History of Diabetes Jean Gutierrez, Andrei Gribok, William Rumpler, Avinash Chandran, and Loretta DiPietro Background: People with a family history of type 2 diabetes have lower energy expenditure (EE) and more obesity than those having no such family history. Resistance exercise (RE) may induce excess postexercise energy expenditure (EPEE) and reduce long-term risk for obesity in this susceptible group. Purpose: To determine the effect of RE on EPEE for 15 hr after a single exercise bout in healthy, untrained young men having a family history of type 2 diabetes. Design: Seven untrained men (23 ± 1.2 years, BMI 24 ± 1.1) completed a 48-hr protocol in a whole room calorimeter. The first day served as a control day, with a moderate 40-min RE bout occurring on the second day. Differences in postexercise EE were compared with matched periods from the control day for cumulative 15-min intervals (up to 150 min) and 15 hr after the RE bout was completed. Results: The most robust difference in EPEE between the experimental and control days was observed in the first 15-min postexercise period (M = 1.4Kcal/min; SD = 0.7; p < .05). No statistically significant differences in EPEE were noted beyond 90-min of continuous measurement. Conclusions: Young people with a family history of type 2 diabetes may not show EPEE after a single RE bout when observed for 15 hr after RE and long-term resistance training may be required to promote EPEE. Keywords: resistance training, strength training, metabolism, EPOC, EPEE, oxygen consumption The prevalence of diabetes among adults living in the United States has increased from about 8% in the early 1990s to approximately 11% in 2011(Cowie et al., 2009), and approximately 90% of all diabetes is type 2 diabetes. On average, the risk of type 2 diabetes in young people with a family history of the disease is more than double that of those having no such history (van ‘t Riet et al., 2010). Even before they present with hyperglycemia, healthy young people with a family history of type 2 diabetes exhibit excess abdominal adiposity (Groop et al., 1996), lower resting metabolic rate (Groop et al., 1996), and peripheral insulin resistance, as indicated by an impaired insulin-stimulated total and nonoxidative glucose disposal (Arslanian et al., 2005; Danadian et al., 1999). People with a family history of type 2 diabetes are more likely to develop the disease if they are overweight or obese (De Pergola et al., 2003); therefore, increasing total energy expenditure in at-risk groups may help to prevent the development of frank type 2 diabetes. Resistance exercise (RE) increases energy expenditure (EE) during the exercise itself, but also promotes Gutierrez, Chandran, and DiPietro are with the Dept. of Exercise Science, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, D.C. Gribok and Rumpler are with the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD. Address author correspondence to Jean Gutierrez at [email protected].
20
increases in metabolically active lean mass, and may also promote excess postexercise exercise energy (EPEE), and thereby may increase daily total energy expenditure (TEE) (Borsheim & Bahr, 2003; Ohkawara et al., 2008). Previous research indicates that EPEE occurs in both rapid (immediately to 1 hr postexercise) and prolonged phases (Borsheim & Bahr, 2003; Sedlock et al., 1989). Some evidence indicates that EPEE is greater following resistance compared with aerobic exercise (Braun et al., 2005; Gillette et al., 1994) and with higher-, compared with low- or moderate-intensity activity (Gore & Withers, 1990; Thornton & Potteiger, 2002). Due to a number of methodological differences (e.g., varying training status of participants or replacement of nutrients postexercise), studies of EPEE are often equivocal (Borsheim & Bahr, 2003; Gore & Withers, 1990)(LaForgia, Withers, & Gore, 2006; Sedlock et al., 1989; Thornton & Potteiger, 2002)(Gore & Withers, 1990; LaForgia et al., 2006; Melby et al., 1993; Sedlock et al., 1989; Thornton & Potteiger, 2002). In the current study, young men with a family history of diabetes spent 48 continuous hours in a whole-room calorimeter, to determine the effects of a single 40-min bout of intense, circuit-style RE on EPEE and TEE. We hypothesized that young people with a family history of diabetes (who are thus predisposed to low resting and total EE) would nonetheless demonstrate a significant EPEE for up to 150-min (2.5-hr) compared with matched time on the control day. We further proposed that this increase in EE
Resistance Exercise Family History of Diabetes 21
would be sustained up to 15 hr, thereby contributing to increased TEE on the exercise day beyond which would be expected from the bout alone. To our knowledge, we are the first to test these hypotheses in healthy, untrained young men with a family history of type 2 diabetes.
Methods Participants Seven young (23 ± 1.2 years), lean (BMI 24 ± 1.1), nonsmoking male volunteers having a family history of diabetes participated in this study. We defined a family history as those sharing at least approximately 25% of DNA with a relative having diagnosed type 2 diabetes (parent, grandparent, aunt/uncle, or sibling). Men were recruited from the Washington, DC metropolitan area via an advertisement on Craig’s List. All participants were untrained and reported no regular physical activity or exercise training (< 2 times per week) within the previous six months and had a fasting blood glucose within the normal range (25% body fat) men have a blunted EPEE compared with untrained lean (
