Original Research
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JOURNAL OF ENDOUROLOGY Volume XX, Number XX, XXXXXX 2014 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Pp. ---–--DOI: 10.1089/end.2013.0473
A Prospective Randomized Comparison Between Shock Wave Lithotripsy and Flexible Ureterorenoscopy for Lower Caliceal Stones £ 2 cm: A Single-Center Experience Anup Kumar, MD, Pawan Vasudeva, MD, Biswajit Nanda, MD, Niraj Kumar, MD, Manoj Kumar Das, MD, and Sanjeev Kumar Jha, MD
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: The optimal management method of lower caliceal calculi is still undefined. We performed a prospective randomized comparison to evaluate safety and efficacy of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and flexible ureteroscopy (RIRS) for lower caliceal calculus £ 2 cm. Materials and Methods: Between December 2011 and January 2012, 195 patients with single radio-opaque lower caliceal calculi £ 2 cm were included in the study. Randomization was done into two groups—group A: SWL performed as an outpatient procedure using the electromagnetic lithotripter (Dornier compact delta) and group B: RIRS was performed using the 6F/7.5F flexible ureteroscope (Richard Wolf) with holmium laser intracorporeal lithotripsy. Demographic characteristics, success, retreatment, and auxiliary procedure rates and complications were analyzed statistically. Results: Of 195 patients, 97 and 98 patients were enrolled in group A and B, respectively. Mean stone size was 12.1 mm in group A vs 12.3 mm in group B ( p = 0.52). The overall 3 month stone-free rate was (74/90) 82.2% for group A vs (78/90) 86.6% for group B ( p = 0.34); for stones < 10 mm, it was (45/55) 84.9% for group A vs (43/51) 87.7% for group B ( p = 0.32) and for 10–20 mm stones, it was (29/35) 78.4% for group A vs (35/39) 85.4% for group B ( p = 0.12). Retreatment rate was significantly greater in group A compared with group B (61.1% vs 11.1%; p < 0.001). Auxiliary procedure rate was comparable (21.1% vs 17.7%; p = 0.45). The complication rate was 6.6% in group A vs 11.1% in group B ( p = 0.21). Conclusions: Both SWL and RIRS are safe and efficacious for lower caliceal calculi £ 20 mm. For stones < 10 mm, SWL was less invasive and safer than RIRS with efficacy comparable to it. However, for 10–20 mm stones, RIRS was more effective, with lesser retreatment rate.
However, SWL is affected by stone size, stone composition, anatomical factors, and patients body habitus, which may decrease the efficacy of SWL and increase the retreatment rate.6 With improvement in endoscopic techniques and the development of flexible ureteroscopes, enthusiasm for this procedure is increasing as it gives good stone clearance with minimal complications and lower retreatment rate though it requires anesthesia.7,8 We conducted a prospective randomized study between SWL and URS for lower caliceal stones £ 2 cm to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the procedures. To the best of our knowledge, after the best possible MEDLINE search, this is the first prospective randomized study in a single center, comparing SWL and RIRS, for inferior caliceal stones up to 2 cm.
Introduction
M
anagement of lower caliceal stones range from expectant management, shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), flexible ureteroscopy (RIRS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The optimal management method for lower caliceal stones is still controversial.1 Lower caliceal stones more than 2 cm are best managed by PCNL,2 but for stones less than 2 cm SWL is the most common treatment modality used.3 For lower caliceal stones less than 2 cm, both SWL and RIRS are available as treatment modalities.4 SWL is minimally invasive, without anesthesia requirement, has a good patient tolerance with adequate analgesia, and can be performed with minimal complications.5
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Vardhman Mahaveer Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India.
1
2
KUMAR ET AL.
Journal of Endourology Downloaded from online.liebertpub.com by Ucsf Library University of California San Francisco on 01/03/15. For personal use only.
Materials and Methods
After getting clearance from the institutional ethics committee, between September 2012 and June 2013, 234 consecutive patients attending Urology Outpatient Department with a single lower caliceal radiopaque calculus £ 2 cm (including stones £ 5 mm), were enrolled for this prospective randomized study. Exclusion criteria included patients with bleeding disorders, active urinary infection, age > 60 years and < 15 years, weight > 100 and < 40 kg, comorbid cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, fever > 38C, total leukocyte count > 12,000/dL, serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL, solitary kidney, coexisting ureteric pathology, including tumor/stricture, pregnancy, moderate and severe hydronephrosis, unfavorable lower caliceal anatomy, radiolucent stones, caliceal diverticulum associated with the targeted stone, and pelvic kidney. The eligible patients were randomized into two groups: group A (SWL group) and group B (RIRS group) using a computer-generated randomization table. Each group was further divided into two subgroups on the basis of stone size: subgroup A1 and B1—stone size £ 1 cm and subgroup A2 and B2—stone size 1–2 cm. Initial evaluation included a detailed clinical history, urine analysis, and urine C&S test when indicated, complete he-
FIG. 1.
mogram, liver function test, kidney function test, serum calcium, serum phosphate, serum uric acid, urine routine microscopy, urine culture sensitivity, 24-hour urine analysis, including calcium, phosphate, and uric acid as a routine metabolic workup. Ultrasound and KUB X-ray (to assess the radiopacity of the calculus) and a noncontrast computed tomography with 3D reconstruction (to know the location and size of the calculus, to know the lower caliceal anatomy) was done. In the SWL group (group A), SWL was performed as an outpatient procedure using the Dornier Compact Delta manufactured by Dornier Medizintechnik GmbH. Five grams of eutectic mixture of lignocaine and prilocaine was applied on *30 cm2 skin area corresponding to the entry site of the shock waves, 60 minutes before the procedure. A tablet of diclofenac sodium (dosage: 50 mg for body weight < 70 kg, 100 mg for > 70 kg) was given orally at the same time. The rate of shock wave delivery was 100 impulses per minute. The maximum number of shock waves to be given per session was 3000 shock waves. The patient was observed for 2 hours after each session. X-ray (KUB) and USG (KUB) were used to check stone fragmentation and clearance after each session at 2 weeks. Retreatment SWL was given for incomplete clearance and maximum of four sessions of SWL
Flow diagram.
SWL VS RIRS FOR LOWER CALICEAL STONES
3
Table 1. Demographic Data Group A
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A1 ( < 1 cm)
A2 (1–2 cm)
Group B Total
B1 ( < 1 cm)
B2 (1–2 cm)
Total
p-Value
Number 55 35 90 51 39 90 0.32 (NS) Mean age (years) 37.1 – 2.1 38.3 – 2.2 37.7 – 2.4 35.1 – 1.9 36.3 – 2.3 35.6 – 2.1 0.22 (NS) Sex (male/female) 24/31 20/15 44/46 25/26 21/18 46/44 0.14 (NS) Mean height (cm) 163.2 – 1.9 164.1 – 1.5 163.7 – 1.6 164.2 – 1.3 163.7 – 1.2 163.4 – 1.4 0.18 (NS) Mean weight (kg) 62.3 – 1.5 63.1 – 1.2 62.6 – 1.4 61.6 – 1.3 62.5 – 1.2 61.5 – 1.3 0.41 (NS) Stone location 28/27 20/15 48/42 24/27 21/18 45/45 0.35 (NS) (right/left) Mean stone size (cm) 7.9 – 1.1 15.2 – 1.3 12.1 – 1.2 7.7 – 1.3 15.3 – 1.2 12.3 – 1.1 0.52 (NS) Hydronephrosis None 50 31 81 43 30 73 0.41 (NS) Mild 5 4 9 7 9 16 0.37 (NS) Lower caliceal anatomy Infundibulopelvic 111.2 ( – 7) 112.4 ( – 6.5) 109.5 ( – 7.4) 113.4 ( – 6.4) 0.43 (NS) angle Infundibular length 26.2 ( – 4) mm 25.3 ( – 5) mm 26.9 ( – 3) mm 25.1 ( – 5) mm 0.32 (NS) Infundibular width 7.3 ( – 1.9) mm 8.3 ( – 2.7) mm 7.9 ( – 2.1) mm 7.6 ( – 2.3) mm 0.38 (NS) Numbers in parentheses indicate – standard deviation in degree. NS = not significant.
were given. RIRS and PCNL were the auxiliary procedures performed after failed SWL. In the RIRS group (group B), the procedure was performed using a 6F/7.5F flexible ureteroscope dual channel (Cobra) manufactured by Richard Wolf. Dilation of ureteral orifice was done wherever required. Ureteral access sheath was used in all cases. The holmium laser (Lumenis versa plus 100 W) manufactured by Lumenis Ltd. was used for intracorporeal lithotripsy. The power setting of the holmium laser was 0.5–1 J. The pulse rate was set between 20 and 40 Hz. A 2.2F Nitinol stone basket was used for fragments removal. In cases of large stone burden, Double-J stent was kept in situ. Double-J stent was removed after 4 weeks. Stone analysis was done in all cases. PCNL was the auxiliary procedure performed after failed RIRS. Study parameters in both the groups were patient demographics, stone characteristics, analgesic characteristics (supplemental analgesia, adverse effects), and treatment details. The outcome variables in both groups were the stone-free status at 3 month, retreatment rates, modified Efficiency Quotient (EQ), and auxiliary procedure rates. The stone-free status after initial SWL session or RIRS was defined as the radiological absence of stone, asymptomatic patients with stone fragment less than 3 mm and sterile
urine culture at 3 months or earlier. Modified EQ was used to distinguish between patients who became stone free primarily by SWL or RIRS and those who were stone free by auxiliary procedure. Observations were recorded and arranged on Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft) and were analyzed by the SPSS software version 17.0. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Student’s t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test (group A/B, A1/A2, B1/B2) were used for continuous variables. p-Values less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results
A total of 234 patients with single lower caliceal radiopaque calculus, £ 2 cm in size were included in the study. Of them, 39 patients were excluded as they failed to satisfy the eligible criteria. The rest of the patients (195 patients) were included in the study and were randomized into two groups using computer generated randomization table: 97 patients in group A and 98 patients in group B. Fifteen patients (seven from SWL group and eight from RIRS group) were lost to follow up. So, a total of 180 patients were analyzed in the study. The subgroups A1, A2, B1, and B2 had 55, 35, 51, and 39 patients, respectively (Fig. 1).
Table 2. Treatment Outcome Group A A1 ( < 1 cm) A2 (1–2 cm) Mean operating time (min) Retreatment rate (%) Auxiliary procedures rate (%) Stone-free rate-3 months (%) Modified EQ (%)
41.1 – 1.8 25 (47.2) 9 (16.7) 45 (84.9) *69.1
49.2 – 1.7 29 (78.4) 10 (27) 29 (78.4) **46.4
*A1 vs B1 : NS **A2 vs B2 : S EQ = efficiency quotient; NS = not significant; S = significant.
Group B Total 45.3 – 2.1 54 (61.1) 19 (21.1) 74 (82.2) 67.3
B1 ( < 1 cm) B2 (1–2 cm) 30.3 – 1.2 3 (6.1) 4 (8.1) 43 (87.7) *89.2
39.1 – 1.5 7 (17) 12 (29.3) 35 (85.4) **83.4
Total
p-Value
35.5 – 1.9 10 (1.1) 16 (17.7) 78 (86.6) 85.2
0.31 (NS) < 0.001 (S) 0.45 (NS) 0.34 (NS) *0.32 (NS) **0.01 (S)
4
KUMAR ET AL.
Table 3. Stone Composition Group A
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Stone composition (%) Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium oxalate dihydrate Calcium carbonate Calcium phosphate Cystine
Group B
A1 ( < 1 cm)
A2 (1–2 cm)
Total
B1 ( < 1 cm)
B2 (1–2 cm)
Total
p-Value
31
17
48 (53.3)
29
18
47 (59.2)
0.11 (NS)
6 7 7 3
5 5 6 3
6 5 8 2
7 6 6 3
13 11 14 5
0.32 0.41 0.25 0.36
11 12 13 6
The demographic characteristics, stone locations, and size of the patients are listed in Table 1. The age, sex ratio, the height, the weight, the stone location (right/left), and size were comparable in both the groups and subgroups. The degree of hydronephrosis and lower caliceal anatomy was not significantly different between the groups and subgroups. The treatment outcomes are summarized in Table 2. The operating time between the subgroups was not significantly different. The retreatment rate was significantly higher in SWL group. The number of auxiliary procedure required was higher in group A1 as compared to B1 and B2 as compared to A2, but the difference was not statistically significant. The stone-free rate at 3 months, although comparable in each subgroup, was higher in RIRS group (A1 = 84.9%, A2 = 78.4%, B1 = 87.7%, B2 = 85.4%). Modified EQ, which includes the retreatment rate of each patient for complete stone clearance was significantly higher in group B2 as compared to A2. But the difference between the groups A1 and B1 was not statistically significant. The stone composition between the subgroups was comparable (Table 3) and it had no effect on treatment outcome. The complication rates between the subgroups are summarized in Table 4. In group A, the most common complication was severe pain, but could be managed with oral and parenteral analgesics, but in group B it was urinary tract infection which could be managed with oral antibiotics. Out of 180 patients, only 2 patients, 1 in each group had gross hematuria, which could be managed conservatively without any blood transfusion. There were no deaths in either group. The cost effectiveness of either procedure is not calculated. Discussion
Treatment options for lower caliceal stones are varied, but the optimal treatment approach is still to be defined. Small,
(12.2) (13.3) (14.4) (6.6)
(14.4) (12.2) (15.5) (5.5)
(NS) (NS) (NS) (NS)
asymptomatic lower caliceal stones can be managed expectantly, but more than 30% patients will have progression and some will also develop pain in the future.1 So intervention may be needed in many patients. SWL has been the most accepted treatment modality for lower caliceal stones.2,9,10 It is minimally invasive and has a good patient tolerance and a low complication rate. However, its efficacy for lower caliceal stones is less than that for upper and middle calyces.11 Its efficacy is affected by patient’s weight and body habitus. Stone size affects stone clearance after SWL, and as the stone size increases the efficacy of stone clearance decreases.12 The lower caliceal anatomy (infundibular length, width, and infundibular angle) also affect the stone clearance after SWL.6,13 However, SWL has been the most common treatment modality used for lower caliceal stones.2,9,10 With the improvement of RIRS technology, it becomes an attractive option for the treatment of lower caliceal stones. It has the advantage of clearing the stone in one sitting as well as avoiding morbid complications of PCNL.14 It has an excellent stone clearance rate and is less affected by stone density, stone size upto 2 cm, and stone location.8 Prospective randomized trials comparing the two modalities are limited. In a prospective study taking 62 patients with stone less than 1 cm, Pearle et al. concluded that there is no difference in stone-free rate and complication rates between the two modalities.10 El-Nahas et al. compared 37 patients with lower caliceal stones 1–2 cm and found that RIRS provided higher stone-free rate and lower retreatment rate compared to SWL and the complication rates of RIRS were not significantly higher.15 In our study, we have included stones up to 2 cm in size. We have found that for stones less than 10 mm in size, efficacy and safety of SWL and RIRS were comparable. The stone-free rate at 3 months for both the procedures was not significantly different (82.2% in SWL and 86.6% in RIRS).
Table 4. Complication Rates Group A Complications (%) Urinary tract infection Gross hematuria Severe pain Ureteral extravasation Ureteral perforation Total
Group B
A1 ( < 1 cm)
A2 (1–2 cm)
Total
B1 ( < 1 cm)
B2 (1–2 cm)
Total
p–Value
0 0 1 (1.8) 0 0 1 (1.8)
2 (5.4) 1 (2.7) 2 (5.4) 0 0 5 (13.5)
2 (2.2) 1 (1.1) 3 (3.3) 0 0 6 (6.6)
1 (2) 0 1 (2) 0 0 3 (6.1)
2 (4.8) 1 (2.4) 1 (2.4) 0 0 7 (17)
3 (3.3) 1 (1.1) 2 (2.2) 0 0 10 (11.1)
0.32 (NS) 0.22 (NS) 0.14 (NS) 0.21 (NS)
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SWL VS RIRS FOR LOWER CALICEAL STONES
The result is similar with the result of previous studies by Pearle et al. and El-Nahas et al. In our study, the retreatment rate for SWL was significantly higher than URS. But when we calculated the modified EQ (which is an indirect evidence of retreatment rate), the difference was not significant. For stones 1–2 cm in size, the efficacy of RIRS was better than SWL, which was reflected by lower retreatment rate and higher modified EQ. The stonefree rate at 3 months was higher with RIRS, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion
For treatment of lower caliceal stones £ 2 cm in size, both SWL and RIRS are safe and highly efficacious. For stones £ 10 mm: SWL was safe, less invasive, and with comparable efficacy in comparison to RIRS. For stones 10–20 mm: RIRS was more effective, with a lesser retreatment rate than SWL. Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist. References
1. Inci K, Sahin A, Islamoglu E, Eren MT, Bakkaloglu M, Ozen H. Prospective long-term followup of patients with asymptomatic lower pole caliceal stones. J Urol 2007;177:2189– 2192. 2. Gerber GS. Management of lower-pole caliceal stones. J Endourol 2003;17:501–503. 3. Raman JD, Pearle MS. Management options for lower pole renal calculi. Curr Opin Urol 2008;18:214–219. 4. Tiselius HG, Ackermann D, Alken P, et al. Guidelines on urolithiasis. Eur Urol 2001;40:362–371. 5. Wu CF, Shee JJ, Lin WY, Lin CL, Chen CS. Comparison between extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and semirigid ureterorenoscope with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for treating large proximal ureteral stones. J Urol 2004; 172(5 Pt 1):1899–1902. 6. Sampaio FJ, Aragao AH. Limitations of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for lower caliceal stones: Anatomic insight. J Endourol 1994;8:241. 7. Grasso M, Ficazzola M. Retrograde ureteropyeloscopy for lower pole caliceal calculi. J Urol 1999;162:1904–1908. 8. Hussain M, Acher P, Penev B, Cynk M. Redefining the limits of flexible ureterorenoscopy. J Endourol 2011;25:45–49.
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9. Chen RN, Streem SB. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for lower pole calculi: Longterm radiographic and clinical outcome. J Urol 1996;156:1572–1575. 10. Pearle MS, Lingeman JE, Leveillee R, et al. Prospective, randomized trial comparing shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy for lower pole caliceal calculi 1 cm or less. J Urol 2005;173:2005–2009. 11. Pearle MS, Clayman RV. Outcomes and selection of surgical therapies of stones in the kidney and ureter. In: Coe FL, Favus MJ, Pak CYC, Parks JH, Preminger GK, eds. Kidney Stones: Medical and Surgical Management. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, p. 709, 1996. 12. Lingeman JE, Siegel YI, Steele B, Nyhuis AW, Woods JR. Management of lower pole nephrolithiasis: A critical analysis. J Urol 1994;151:663. 13. Gupta NP, Singh DV, Hemal AK, Mandal S. Infundibulopelvic anatomy and clearance of inferior caliceal calculi with shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol 2000;163:24. 14. Albala DM, Assimos DG, Clayman RV, et al. Lower pole I: A prospective randomized trial of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy for lower pole nephrolithiasis—initial results. J Urol 2001;166: 2072–2080. 15. El-Nahas AR, Ibrahim HM, Youssef RF, Sheir KZ. Flexible ureterorenoscopy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for treatment of lower pole stones of 10–20 mm. BJU Int 2012;110:898–902.
Address correspondence to: Anup Kumar, MD Department of Urology and Renal Transplant Vardhman Mahaveer Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital New Delhi 110029 India E-mail: [email protected] Abbreviations Used EQ ¼ efficiency quotient KUB ¼ kidney, ureter, and bladder PCNL ¼ percutaneous nephrolithotomy RIRS ¼ flexible ureteroscopy SWL ¼ shock wave lithotripsy USG (KUB) ¼ ultrasound of kidney, ureter, and bladder
Journal of Endourology Downloaded from online.liebertpub.com by Ucsf Library University of California San Francisco on 01/03/15. For personal use only.
JOURNAL OF ENDOUROLOGY Volume XX, Number XX, XXXXXX 2014 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Pp. ---–--DOI: 10.1089/end.2013.0473
A Prospective Randomized Comparison Between Shock Wave Lithotripsy and Flexible Ureterorenoscopy for Lower Caliceal Stones £ 2 cm: A Single-Center Experience Anup Kumar, MD, Pawan Vasudeva, MD, Biswajit Nanda, MD, Niraj Kumar, MD, Manoj Kumar Das, MD, and Sanjeev Kumar Jha, MD
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: The optimal management method of lower caliceal calculi is still undefined. We performed a prospective randomized comparison to evaluate safety and efficacy of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and flexible ureteroscopy (RIRS) for lower caliceal calculus £ 2 cm. Materials and Methods: Between December 2011 and January 2012, 195 patients with single radio-opaque lower caliceal calculi £ 2 cm were included in the study. Randomization was done into two groups—group A: SWL performed as an outpatient procedure using the electromagnetic lithotripter (Dornier compact delta) and group B: RIRS was performed using the 6F/7.5F flexible ureteroscope (Richard Wolf) with holmium laser intracorporeal lithotripsy. Demographic characteristics, success, retreatment, and auxiliary procedure rates and complications were analyzed statistically. Results: Of 195 patients, 97 and 98 patients were enrolled in group A and B, respectively. Mean stone size was 12.1 mm in group A vs 12.3 mm in group B ( p = 0.52). The overall 3 month stone-free rate was (74/90) 82.2% for group A vs (78/90) 86.6% for group B ( p = 0.34); for stones < 10 mm, it was (45/55) 84.9% for group A vs (43/51) 87.7% for group B ( p = 0.32) and for 10–20 mm stones, it was (29/35) 78.4% for group A vs (35/39) 85.4% for group B ( p = 0.12). Retreatment rate was significantly greater in group A compared with group B (61.1% vs 11.1%; p < 0.001). Auxiliary procedure rate was comparable (21.1% vs 17.7%; p = 0.45). The complication rate was 6.6% in group A vs 11.1% in group B ( p = 0.21). Conclusions: Both SWL and RIRS are safe and efficacious for lower caliceal calculi £ 20 mm. For stones < 10 mm, SWL was less invasive and safer than RIRS with efficacy comparable to it. However, for 10–20 mm stones, RIRS was more effective, with lesser retreatment rate.
However, SWL is affected by stone size, stone composition, anatomical factors, and patients body habitus, which may decrease the efficacy of SWL and increase the retreatment rate.6 With improvement in endoscopic techniques and the development of flexible ureteroscopes, enthusiasm for this procedure is increasing as it gives good stone clearance with minimal complications and lower retreatment rate though it requires anesthesia.7,8 We conducted a prospective randomized study between SWL and URS for lower caliceal stones £ 2 cm to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the procedures. To the best of our knowledge, after the best possible MEDLINE search, this is the first prospective randomized study in a single center, comparing SWL and RIRS, for inferior caliceal stones up to 2 cm.
Introduction
M
anagement of lower caliceal stones range from expectant management, shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), flexible ureteroscopy (RIRS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The optimal management method for lower caliceal stones is still controversial.1 Lower caliceal stones more than 2 cm are best managed by PCNL,2 but for stones less than 2 cm SWL is the most common treatment modality used.3 For lower caliceal stones less than 2 cm, both SWL and RIRS are available as treatment modalities.4 SWL is minimally invasive, without anesthesia requirement, has a good patient tolerance with adequate analgesia, and can be performed with minimal complications.5
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Vardhman Mahaveer Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India.
1
2
KUMAR ET AL.
Journal of Endourology Downloaded from online.liebertpub.com by Ucsf Library University of California San Francisco on 01/03/15. For personal use only.
Materials and Methods
After getting clearance from the institutional ethics committee, between September 2012 and June 2013, 234 consecutive patients attending Urology Outpatient Department with a single lower caliceal radiopaque calculus £ 2 cm (including stones £ 5 mm), were enrolled for this prospective randomized study. Exclusion criteria included patients with bleeding disorders, active urinary infection, age > 60 years and < 15 years, weight > 100 and < 40 kg, comorbid cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, fever > 38C, total leukocyte count > 12,000/dL, serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL, solitary kidney, coexisting ureteric pathology, including tumor/stricture, pregnancy, moderate and severe hydronephrosis, unfavorable lower caliceal anatomy, radiolucent stones, caliceal diverticulum associated with the targeted stone, and pelvic kidney. The eligible patients were randomized into two groups: group A (SWL group) and group B (RIRS group) using a computer-generated randomization table. Each group was further divided into two subgroups on the basis of stone size: subgroup A1 and B1—stone size £ 1 cm and subgroup A2 and B2—stone size 1–2 cm. Initial evaluation included a detailed clinical history, urine analysis, and urine C&S test when indicated, complete he-
FIG. 1.
mogram, liver function test, kidney function test, serum calcium, serum phosphate, serum uric acid, urine routine microscopy, urine culture sensitivity, 24-hour urine analysis, including calcium, phosphate, and uric acid as a routine metabolic workup. Ultrasound and KUB X-ray (to assess the radiopacity of the calculus) and a noncontrast computed tomography with 3D reconstruction (to know the location and size of the calculus, to know the lower caliceal anatomy) was done. In the SWL group (group A), SWL was performed as an outpatient procedure using the Dornier Compact Delta manufactured by Dornier Medizintechnik GmbH. Five grams of eutectic mixture of lignocaine and prilocaine was applied on *30 cm2 skin area corresponding to the entry site of the shock waves, 60 minutes before the procedure. A tablet of diclofenac sodium (dosage: 50 mg for body weight < 70 kg, 100 mg for > 70 kg) was given orally at the same time. The rate of shock wave delivery was 100 impulses per minute. The maximum number of shock waves to be given per session was 3000 shock waves. The patient was observed for 2 hours after each session. X-ray (KUB) and USG (KUB) were used to check stone fragmentation and clearance after each session at 2 weeks. Retreatment SWL was given for incomplete clearance and maximum of four sessions of SWL
Flow diagram.
SWL VS RIRS FOR LOWER CALICEAL STONES
3
Table 1. Demographic Data Group A
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A1 ( < 1 cm)
A2 (1–2 cm)
Group B Total
B1 ( < 1 cm)
B2 (1–2 cm)
Total
p-Value
Number 55 35 90 51 39 90 0.32 (NS) Mean age (years) 37.1 – 2.1 38.3 – 2.2 37.7 – 2.4 35.1 – 1.9 36.3 – 2.3 35.6 – 2.1 0.22 (NS) Sex (male/female) 24/31 20/15 44/46 25/26 21/18 46/44 0.14 (NS) Mean height (cm) 163.2 – 1.9 164.1 – 1.5 163.7 – 1.6 164.2 – 1.3 163.7 – 1.2 163.4 – 1.4 0.18 (NS) Mean weight (kg) 62.3 – 1.5 63.1 – 1.2 62.6 – 1.4 61.6 – 1.3 62.5 – 1.2 61.5 – 1.3 0.41 (NS) Stone location 28/27 20/15 48/42 24/27 21/18 45/45 0.35 (NS) (right/left) Mean stone size (cm) 7.9 – 1.1 15.2 – 1.3 12.1 – 1.2 7.7 – 1.3 15.3 – 1.2 12.3 – 1.1 0.52 (NS) Hydronephrosis None 50 31 81 43 30 73 0.41 (NS) Mild 5 4 9 7 9 16 0.37 (NS) Lower caliceal anatomy Infundibulopelvic 111.2 ( – 7) 112.4 ( – 6.5) 109.5 ( – 7.4) 113.4 ( – 6.4) 0.43 (NS) angle Infundibular length 26.2 ( – 4) mm 25.3 ( – 5) mm 26.9 ( – 3) mm 25.1 ( – 5) mm 0.32 (NS) Infundibular width 7.3 ( – 1.9) mm 8.3 ( – 2.7) mm 7.9 ( – 2.1) mm 7.6 ( – 2.3) mm 0.38 (NS) Numbers in parentheses indicate – standard deviation in degree. NS = not significant.
were given. RIRS and PCNL were the auxiliary procedures performed after failed SWL. In the RIRS group (group B), the procedure was performed using a 6F/7.5F flexible ureteroscope dual channel (Cobra) manufactured by Richard Wolf. Dilation of ureteral orifice was done wherever required. Ureteral access sheath was used in all cases. The holmium laser (Lumenis versa plus 100 W) manufactured by Lumenis Ltd. was used for intracorporeal lithotripsy. The power setting of the holmium laser was 0.5–1 J. The pulse rate was set between 20 and 40 Hz. A 2.2F Nitinol stone basket was used for fragments removal. In cases of large stone burden, Double-J stent was kept in situ. Double-J stent was removed after 4 weeks. Stone analysis was done in all cases. PCNL was the auxiliary procedure performed after failed RIRS. Study parameters in both the groups were patient demographics, stone characteristics, analgesic characteristics (supplemental analgesia, adverse effects), and treatment details. The outcome variables in both groups were the stone-free status at 3 month, retreatment rates, modified Efficiency Quotient (EQ), and auxiliary procedure rates. The stone-free status after initial SWL session or RIRS was defined as the radiological absence of stone, asymptomatic patients with stone fragment less than 3 mm and sterile
urine culture at 3 months or earlier. Modified EQ was used to distinguish between patients who became stone free primarily by SWL or RIRS and those who were stone free by auxiliary procedure. Observations were recorded and arranged on Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft) and were analyzed by the SPSS software version 17.0. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Student’s t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test (group A/B, A1/A2, B1/B2) were used for continuous variables. p-Values less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results
A total of 234 patients with single lower caliceal radiopaque calculus, £ 2 cm in size were included in the study. Of them, 39 patients were excluded as they failed to satisfy the eligible criteria. The rest of the patients (195 patients) were included in the study and were randomized into two groups using computer generated randomization table: 97 patients in group A and 98 patients in group B. Fifteen patients (seven from SWL group and eight from RIRS group) were lost to follow up. So, a total of 180 patients were analyzed in the study. The subgroups A1, A2, B1, and B2 had 55, 35, 51, and 39 patients, respectively (Fig. 1).
Table 2. Treatment Outcome Group A A1 ( < 1 cm) A2 (1–2 cm) Mean operating time (min) Retreatment rate (%) Auxiliary procedures rate (%) Stone-free rate-3 months (%) Modified EQ (%)
41.1 – 1.8 25 (47.2) 9 (16.7) 45 (84.9) *69.1
49.2 – 1.7 29 (78.4) 10 (27) 29 (78.4) **46.4
*A1 vs B1 : NS **A2 vs B2 : S EQ = efficiency quotient; NS = not significant; S = significant.
Group B Total 45.3 – 2.1 54 (61.1) 19 (21.1) 74 (82.2) 67.3
B1 ( < 1 cm) B2 (1–2 cm) 30.3 – 1.2 3 (6.1) 4 (8.1) 43 (87.7) *89.2
39.1 – 1.5 7 (17) 12 (29.3) 35 (85.4) **83.4
Total
p-Value
35.5 – 1.9 10 (1.1) 16 (17.7) 78 (86.6) 85.2
0.31 (NS) < 0.001 (S) 0.45 (NS) 0.34 (NS) *0.32 (NS) **0.01 (S)
4
KUMAR ET AL.
Table 3. Stone Composition Group A
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Stone composition (%) Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium oxalate dihydrate Calcium carbonate Calcium phosphate Cystine
Group B
A1 ( < 1 cm)
A2 (1–2 cm)
Total
B1 ( < 1 cm)
B2 (1–2 cm)
Total
p-Value
31
17
48 (53.3)
29
18
47 (59.2)
0.11 (NS)
6 7 7 3
5 5 6 3
6 5 8 2
7 6 6 3
13 11 14 5
0.32 0.41 0.25 0.36
11 12 13 6
The demographic characteristics, stone locations, and size of the patients are listed in Table 1. The age, sex ratio, the height, the weight, the stone location (right/left), and size were comparable in both the groups and subgroups. The degree of hydronephrosis and lower caliceal anatomy was not significantly different between the groups and subgroups. The treatment outcomes are summarized in Table 2. The operating time between the subgroups was not significantly different. The retreatment rate was significantly higher in SWL group. The number of auxiliary procedure required was higher in group A1 as compared to B1 and B2 as compared to A2, but the difference was not statistically significant. The stone-free rate at 3 months, although comparable in each subgroup, was higher in RIRS group (A1 = 84.9%, A2 = 78.4%, B1 = 87.7%, B2 = 85.4%). Modified EQ, which includes the retreatment rate of each patient for complete stone clearance was significantly higher in group B2 as compared to A2. But the difference between the groups A1 and B1 was not statistically significant. The stone composition between the subgroups was comparable (Table 3) and it had no effect on treatment outcome. The complication rates between the subgroups are summarized in Table 4. In group A, the most common complication was severe pain, but could be managed with oral and parenteral analgesics, but in group B it was urinary tract infection which could be managed with oral antibiotics. Out of 180 patients, only 2 patients, 1 in each group had gross hematuria, which could be managed conservatively without any blood transfusion. There were no deaths in either group. The cost effectiveness of either procedure is not calculated. Discussion
Treatment options for lower caliceal stones are varied, but the optimal treatment approach is still to be defined. Small,
(12.2) (13.3) (14.4) (6.6)
(14.4) (12.2) (15.5) (5.5)
(NS) (NS) (NS) (NS)
asymptomatic lower caliceal stones can be managed expectantly, but more than 30% patients will have progression and some will also develop pain in the future.1 So intervention may be needed in many patients. SWL has been the most accepted treatment modality for lower caliceal stones.2,9,10 It is minimally invasive and has a good patient tolerance and a low complication rate. However, its efficacy for lower caliceal stones is less than that for upper and middle calyces.11 Its efficacy is affected by patient’s weight and body habitus. Stone size affects stone clearance after SWL, and as the stone size increases the efficacy of stone clearance decreases.12 The lower caliceal anatomy (infundibular length, width, and infundibular angle) also affect the stone clearance after SWL.6,13 However, SWL has been the most common treatment modality used for lower caliceal stones.2,9,10 With the improvement of RIRS technology, it becomes an attractive option for the treatment of lower caliceal stones. It has the advantage of clearing the stone in one sitting as well as avoiding morbid complications of PCNL.14 It has an excellent stone clearance rate and is less affected by stone density, stone size upto 2 cm, and stone location.8 Prospective randomized trials comparing the two modalities are limited. In a prospective study taking 62 patients with stone less than 1 cm, Pearle et al. concluded that there is no difference in stone-free rate and complication rates between the two modalities.10 El-Nahas et al. compared 37 patients with lower caliceal stones 1–2 cm and found that RIRS provided higher stone-free rate and lower retreatment rate compared to SWL and the complication rates of RIRS were not significantly higher.15 In our study, we have included stones up to 2 cm in size. We have found that for stones less than 10 mm in size, efficacy and safety of SWL and RIRS were comparable. The stone-free rate at 3 months for both the procedures was not significantly different (82.2% in SWL and 86.6% in RIRS).
Table 4. Complication Rates Group A Complications (%) Urinary tract infection Gross hematuria Severe pain Ureteral extravasation Ureteral perforation Total
Group B
A1 ( < 1 cm)
A2 (1–2 cm)
Total
B1 ( < 1 cm)
B2 (1–2 cm)
Total
p–Value
0 0 1 (1.8) 0 0 1 (1.8)
2 (5.4) 1 (2.7) 2 (5.4) 0 0 5 (13.5)
2 (2.2) 1 (1.1) 3 (3.3) 0 0 6 (6.6)
1 (2) 0 1 (2) 0 0 3 (6.1)
2 (4.8) 1 (2.4) 1 (2.4) 0 0 7 (17)
3 (3.3) 1 (1.1) 2 (2.2) 0 0 10 (11.1)
0.32 (NS) 0.22 (NS) 0.14 (NS) 0.21 (NS)
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SWL VS RIRS FOR LOWER CALICEAL STONES
The result is similar with the result of previous studies by Pearle et al. and El-Nahas et al. In our study, the retreatment rate for SWL was significantly higher than URS. But when we calculated the modified EQ (which is an indirect evidence of retreatment rate), the difference was not significant. For stones 1–2 cm in size, the efficacy of RIRS was better than SWL, which was reflected by lower retreatment rate and higher modified EQ. The stonefree rate at 3 months was higher with RIRS, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion
For treatment of lower caliceal stones £ 2 cm in size, both SWL and RIRS are safe and highly efficacious. For stones £ 10 mm: SWL was safe, less invasive, and with comparable efficacy in comparison to RIRS. For stones 10–20 mm: RIRS was more effective, with a lesser retreatment rate than SWL. Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist. References
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9. Chen RN, Streem SB. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for lower pole calculi: Longterm radiographic and clinical outcome. J Urol 1996;156:1572–1575. 10. Pearle MS, Lingeman JE, Leveillee R, et al. Prospective, randomized trial comparing shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy for lower pole caliceal calculi 1 cm or less. J Urol 2005;173:2005–2009. 11. Pearle MS, Clayman RV. Outcomes and selection of surgical therapies of stones in the kidney and ureter. In: Coe FL, Favus MJ, Pak CYC, Parks JH, Preminger GK, eds. Kidney Stones: Medical and Surgical Management. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, p. 709, 1996. 12. Lingeman JE, Siegel YI, Steele B, Nyhuis AW, Woods JR. Management of lower pole nephrolithiasis: A critical analysis. J Urol 1994;151:663. 13. Gupta NP, Singh DV, Hemal AK, Mandal S. Infundibulopelvic anatomy and clearance of inferior caliceal calculi with shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol 2000;163:24. 14. Albala DM, Assimos DG, Clayman RV, et al. Lower pole I: A prospective randomized trial of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy for lower pole nephrolithiasis—initial results. J Urol 2001;166: 2072–2080. 15. El-Nahas AR, Ibrahim HM, Youssef RF, Sheir KZ. Flexible ureterorenoscopy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for treatment of lower pole stones of 10–20 mm. BJU Int 2012;110:898–902.
Address correspondence to: Anup Kumar, MD Department of Urology and Renal Transplant Vardhman Mahaveer Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital New Delhi 110029 India E-mail: [email protected] Abbreviations Used EQ ¼ efficiency quotient KUB ¼ kidney, ureter, and bladder PCNL ¼ percutaneous nephrolithotomy RIRS ¼ flexible ureteroscopy SWL ¼ shock wave lithotripsy USG (KUB) ¼ ultrasound of kidney, ureter, and bladder
