Clinical Anatomy 27:972–975 (2014)
A GLIMPSE OF OUR PAST
A Historical Perspective: Bernhard von Langenbeck German Surgeon (1810–1887) ALPER CESMEBASI,1 KIM OELHAFEN,1 BRIAN J. SHAYOTA,1 ZACHARY KLAASSEN,1,2 R. SHANE TUBBS,3 AND MARIOS LOUKAS1,4* 1
St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada, West Indies Department of Surgery, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey 3 Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Birmingham, Alabama 4 Department of Anatomy, Varmia and Mazuria University, Olsztyn, Poland
2
Bernhard von Langenbeck is undeniably one of the world’s greatest surgeons and inventors. The influence which he exerted upon the practice of surgery, as apparent by the numerous surgical tools and 21 operations credited to his name, represents the notable contributions of this amazing man. Despite the tools and techniques which bear his name, the establishment of a surgical journal, and his role in co-founding the German Surgical Society, many attest that Bernhard von Langenbeck’s greatest contribution to the professional field was the vast knowledge he imparted on his pupils. Commonly credited with training nearly every celebrated surgical operator of his time, von Langenbeck merits posthumous acknowledgement for his vast contributions to the field of medicine and surgery. Clin. Anat. 27:972–975, 2014. VC 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Key words: osteosynthesis device; history of surgery; fixateurexterne
INTRODUCTION Despite the surgical tools and techniques which bear his name, the establishment of surgical journals, and his role in co-founding the German Surgical Society, many attest that Bernhard Rudolf Conrad von Langenbeck’s greatest contribution to the professional field was the vast knowledge he imparted to his pupils. Commonly credited with training nearly every celebrated surgical operator of his time (Mumford, 1908; Garrison, 1917), von Langenbeck’s accomplishments are manifold.
His professional course was further influenced by his uncle, Conrad J.M. von Langenbeck, who was a prominent ophthalmologist and Professor of Surgery and € ttingen (Platt, 1894). Anatomy at the University of Go Motivated by these factors, von Langenbeck began his € ttingen in medical studies at the University of Go 1830, under the watchful eye of his uncle.
EARLY CAREER Langenbeck graduated from medical school with honors in 1834, after delivering his dissertation on “The Inner Structure of the Retina” (“Bernhard von
EARLY LIFE Born November 8, 1810, in the village of € ttel, Germany, a small town near the North Padingbu Sea, von Langenbeck received his early education from his father who was both a clergyman and teacher. Although his education was intended to result in a career in the ministry, his professional life was drastically altered by his childhood curiosity in biology and dissection (“Bernhard von Langenbeck,” 1967).
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2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
*Correspondence to: Marios Loukas, MD, PhD, Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Dean of Research, St George’s University, School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies. E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 October 2011; Revised 23 June 2014; Accepted 24 June 2014 Published online 11 July 2014 in Wiley Online (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/ca.22433
Library
Bernhard von Langenbeck—Contributions to the Field of Medicine and Surgery
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Langenbeck sought an appointment as staff surgeon of the army, which he was granted in 1842. Later, von Langenbeck was selected as general physician to the Prussian Army Headquarters in 1864 and was further delegated the permanent post of surgeon-general of the army, promoted to lieutenant general in 1882 (“Bernhard von Langenbeck,” 1967). Von Langenbeck served four tours of active military duty, which spanned the Schleswig-Holstein Wars, the Austrian war of 1866, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
SURGICAL INNOVATIONS
Fig. 1. Bernhard von Langenbeck image from his early adulthood (Image from Garrison FH. 1913. An introduction to the history of medicine: with medical chronology, suggestions for study and bibliographic data. London: WB Saunders).
Langenbeck,” 1967; Goldwyn, 1969). This dissertation awarded von Langenbeck a Blummbach Honorarium, providing him a two-year postdoctoral study position. Von Langenbeck traveled to Belgium, Paris, and London for the two-year duration. While in London, von Langenbeck found great professional fortune, when provided the opportunity to audit the sessions of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, where he became friendly with the prominent surgeons Sir Benjamin Brodie, Sir Lawrence Green, and Sir Astley Cooper, who took an astute interest in the young German student (“Bernhard von Langenbeck,” 1967). € ttingen, von Langenbeck was Upon his return to Go appointed Docent of microscopy, physiology, and pathological anatomy. During his time as lecturer, von Langenbeck made one of his earliest contributions to the scientific field when he published a manuscript on esophageal candidiasis (thrush), which explored the details of the yeast-like, budding fungus later termed, Candida albicans (Knoke and Bernhardt, 2006). Subsequently, in 1840, at age 30, von Langenbeck was appointed professor of pathological anatomy of € ttingen and began teaching a course in surgical anatGo omy. Continually attracting more students, von Langenbeck tactfully resigned from his post hoping to avoid overshadowing his uncle, for which he had great respect (Goldwyn, 1969). Thus, in 1841, he accepted the position of professor of surgery at the University of Kiel. Though his supreme clinical competence warranted no respite, the first Schleswig-Holstein War interrupted his appointment at Kiel. With the onset of war, von
During his service in the Holstein, Austrian, and Franco-Prussian Wars, von Langenbeck was met with the enormous challenge of treating thousands of injured men, which led him to perform a large number of subperiosteal resection surgeries, which he quickly perfected (“Bernhard von Langenbeck,” 1967).This innovative surgical intervention dramatically improved the field by significantly decreasing the number of amputation procedures required. Additionally, during his time of service, von Langenbeck was also responsible for instructing classes in military surgery and further urged for both the establishment of proper sanitation and an ambulatory service for retrieval of those wounded in the field (Korting, 1887; Rehn, 1911). Moreover, he is reported to have enjoyed the challenge and rigors of battle trauma (Trendelenburg, 1902). Von Langenbeck quickly became a respected authority of gunshot wound treatment. However, his unwavering devotion to medicine was challenged when he was met with the personal tragedy of his son’s, a military officer, death. To this news he replied, “I cannot leave; my duty keeps me here. What better could have happened to him than to have died for the King and the Fatherland,” (Goldwyn, 1969).
HUMANITARIAN WORK In accompaniment with his intellectual prowess and surgical precision, von Langenbeck was also a humbled humanitarian. Quoted saying “a wounded enemy is no more an enemy, but a comrade needing help,” (Bergmann, 1888), von Langenbeck was the first to introduce the concept of maintained neutrality of the wounded (Billroth, 1887; Bergmann, 1888). With an immense appreciation for the humane care of those sick and wounded in war, von Langenbeck became a founding member and consultant advisor of the German Red Cross and further served as president of the Geneva International Convention in 1884 (“Bernhard von Langenbeck,” 1967). Provided von Langenbeck’s professional success and personal character, the University of Berlin appointed Langenbeck as staff surgeon in 1848. During the proceeding thirty-four year tenure, which ultimately marked the conclusion of his notable career, von Langenbeck founded both the German Surgical Society and Archiv fur Chirurgie Journal, and served as president to both the Berlin Medical Society and the German Surgical Congress.
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Fig. 2. Von Langenbeck surgical instruments Illustrations include scalpels (g), dissectors (e), and retractors (i). (Image from: Tiemann G. 1879. The American Armamentarium Chirurgicum. George Tiemann & Co.).
ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SURGERY His accomplishments during the named period were not limited to those described above, but rather include a conglomerate of significant contributions. In 1852, von Langenbeck introduced the first osteosynthesis device in a patient suffering from pseudoarthrosis, thereby establishing the principle of “fixateurexterne” (Beger and Gansauge, 2010). He further contributed to the field of orthopedics, in 1855, when he treated a non-union of the humerus with “screws connected by a devise designed for this purpose,” (Bartonicek, 2010). Moreover, von Langenbeck and Theodor Kocher developed the well-known and commonly utilized posterior approach for the stabilization of posterior wall fractures of the proximal femur and acetabulum (Mehlman et al., 2000). Similar to those procedures just described, the Kocher–Langenbeck approach achieved osteosynthesis in fracture victims. Von Langenbeck is also highly credited with his role in the ongoing advancement of neck dissection. Von Langenbeck and Dieffenbach further contributed to the field when they developed the first surgical technique to treat irreversible facial paralysis (Van de Graaf and Nicolai, 2008). Moreover, von Langenbeck is commonly regarded as “the father of modern day palatoplasty,” due to his early reports, which detailed the techniques of palate closure by mucoperiosteal flap elevation (Balajii, 2007). In addition to the surgical techniques for which the scientific community is forever indebted, von Langenbeck has also left the immortal masterpiece, Archiv Fur Chirurgie. Established by Langenbeck in 1860, this publication, which continues to contribute to the ongoing international communication of surgical
research, is presently defined as the world’s oldest scientific surgical journal (Beger and Gangsauge, 2010). Despite each of these advances, von Langenbeck is most remembered by his handheld surgical retractors; evident by the infamous Kocher–Langenbeck hyphenated eponym, which is still in high use today. A simple handheld surgical instrument with a flat blade bent down at right angles to the handle, this innovative tool dramatically altered the course of surgical history in its revolutionary ability to temporarily retract soft tissue. Despite those tremendous contributions characterized above, von Langenbeck’s ultimate contribution to the field of medicine was undoubtedly the pupils for which he was responsible for teaching. Responsible for the education of Billroth, Trendelenburg, Vogt, Loeffer, Maas, Colkmann, Hueter, Heine, and Stilling, to name but a few, von Langenbeck is credited for training nearly every prominent surgical operator of his time. Unfortunately, following an “attack of apoplexy,” in 1887, von Langenbeck died. A progressive inventor, professor, and surgical operator, von Langenbeck fittingly furnished his own tombstone with the motif, “Nunquam Retrorsum,” “Never Backwards,” (Goldwyn, 1969).
CONCLUSIONS With this, it is evident that Bernhard von Langenbeck is undeniably one of the world’s greatest surgeons and inventors. The influence which he exerted upon the practice of surgery, as apparent by the surgical tools and twenty-one operations credited to his
Bernhard von Langenbeck—Contributions to the Field of Medicine and Surgery name, represent the notable contributions of this amazing man. Moreover, this “genial, learned, indefatigable” man was an accomplished professor and lifelong learner (Park, 1897). Von Langenbeck continues, posthumously, to contribute to the profession of medicine through the works of his many accomplished pupils and international peer-review journal.
REFERENCES Balajii SM. 2007. Textbook of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. New Delhi: Elsevier. p 506. Bartonicek J. 2010. Early history of operative treatment of fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 130:1385–1396. Beger HG, Gangsauge F. 2010. Master of surgery in Archiv fur Chirurgie. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg 395:17–21. Bergmann E. 1888. ZurErinnerungan Bernhard v. Langenbeck. Verhandlung. Der Deutsche Gesellsch F Chir 17:1–24. 1967. Bernhard von Langenbeck (1810–1887) German Surgeon. JAMA 200:1124–1125. Billroth TB. 1887. Von Langenbeck. Wien Med Woch 37:1353– 1356. Garrison FH. 1913. An introduction to the history of medicine: with medical chronology, suggestions for study and bibliographic data. London: WB Saunders.
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Garrison FH. 1917. An Introduction to the History of Medicine. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia and London: W.B Saunders Company. p 521–522. Goldwyn R. 1969. Bernhard von Langenbeck: His life and legacy. Plast Reconstr Surg 44:248–254. Knoke M, Bernhardt H. 2006. The first description of an oesophageal candidosis by Langenbeck in 1839. Mycoses 49:283–287. Korting V. 1887. Bernhard v. Langenbeck. D MilZeitschr 16:465–474. Mehlman CT, Meiss L, DiPasquale TG. 2000. Hyphenated-history: The Kocher-Langenbeck surgical approach. J Orthop Trauma 14: 60–64. Mumford G. 1908. Surgical Memoirs and Other Essays. New York: Moffat, Yard & Company. p 99. Park R. 1897. An Epitome of the History of Medicine. Philadelphia, New York: The F.A. Davis Company Publishers. p 264–265. Platt WB. 1894. Baron Von Langenbeck, surgeon-general of the German army, professor of surgery in the University of Berlin. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull 40:62–64. Rehn L. 1911. Die Gedachtnisrede zum Andenkenan an den 100. Geburtstag B. von Langenbeck. Arch F kiln Chir 95:743–758. Tiemann G. 1879. The American Armamentarium Chirurgicum. George Tiemann & Co. Trendelenburg F. 1902. Erinnerungen an Bernhard v. Langenbeck. D Med Woch 28:233–236. Van de Graaf RC, Nicolai JP. 2008. On the surgical treatment of facial paralysis in the early nineteenth century. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:475–480.
A GLIMPSE OF OUR PAST
A Historical Perspective: Bernhard von Langenbeck German Surgeon (1810–1887) ALPER CESMEBASI,1 KIM OELHAFEN,1 BRIAN J. SHAYOTA,1 ZACHARY KLAASSEN,1,2 R. SHANE TUBBS,3 AND MARIOS LOUKAS1,4* 1
St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada, West Indies Department of Surgery, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey 3 Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Birmingham, Alabama 4 Department of Anatomy, Varmia and Mazuria University, Olsztyn, Poland
2
Bernhard von Langenbeck is undeniably one of the world’s greatest surgeons and inventors. The influence which he exerted upon the practice of surgery, as apparent by the numerous surgical tools and 21 operations credited to his name, represents the notable contributions of this amazing man. Despite the tools and techniques which bear his name, the establishment of a surgical journal, and his role in co-founding the German Surgical Society, many attest that Bernhard von Langenbeck’s greatest contribution to the professional field was the vast knowledge he imparted on his pupils. Commonly credited with training nearly every celebrated surgical operator of his time, von Langenbeck merits posthumous acknowledgement for his vast contributions to the field of medicine and surgery. Clin. Anat. 27:972–975, 2014. VC 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Key words: osteosynthesis device; history of surgery; fixateurexterne
INTRODUCTION Despite the surgical tools and techniques which bear his name, the establishment of surgical journals, and his role in co-founding the German Surgical Society, many attest that Bernhard Rudolf Conrad von Langenbeck’s greatest contribution to the professional field was the vast knowledge he imparted to his pupils. Commonly credited with training nearly every celebrated surgical operator of his time (Mumford, 1908; Garrison, 1917), von Langenbeck’s accomplishments are manifold.
His professional course was further influenced by his uncle, Conrad J.M. von Langenbeck, who was a prominent ophthalmologist and Professor of Surgery and € ttingen (Platt, 1894). Anatomy at the University of Go Motivated by these factors, von Langenbeck began his € ttingen in medical studies at the University of Go 1830, under the watchful eye of his uncle.
EARLY CAREER Langenbeck graduated from medical school with honors in 1834, after delivering his dissertation on “The Inner Structure of the Retina” (“Bernhard von
EARLY LIFE Born November 8, 1810, in the village of € ttel, Germany, a small town near the North Padingbu Sea, von Langenbeck received his early education from his father who was both a clergyman and teacher. Although his education was intended to result in a career in the ministry, his professional life was drastically altered by his childhood curiosity in biology and dissection (“Bernhard von Langenbeck,” 1967).
C V
2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
*Correspondence to: Marios Loukas, MD, PhD, Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Dean of Research, St George’s University, School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies. E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 October 2011; Revised 23 June 2014; Accepted 24 June 2014 Published online 11 July 2014 in Wiley Online (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/ca.22433
Library
Bernhard von Langenbeck—Contributions to the Field of Medicine and Surgery
973
Langenbeck sought an appointment as staff surgeon of the army, which he was granted in 1842. Later, von Langenbeck was selected as general physician to the Prussian Army Headquarters in 1864 and was further delegated the permanent post of surgeon-general of the army, promoted to lieutenant general in 1882 (“Bernhard von Langenbeck,” 1967). Von Langenbeck served four tours of active military duty, which spanned the Schleswig-Holstein Wars, the Austrian war of 1866, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
SURGICAL INNOVATIONS
Fig. 1. Bernhard von Langenbeck image from his early adulthood (Image from Garrison FH. 1913. An introduction to the history of medicine: with medical chronology, suggestions for study and bibliographic data. London: WB Saunders).
Langenbeck,” 1967; Goldwyn, 1969). This dissertation awarded von Langenbeck a Blummbach Honorarium, providing him a two-year postdoctoral study position. Von Langenbeck traveled to Belgium, Paris, and London for the two-year duration. While in London, von Langenbeck found great professional fortune, when provided the opportunity to audit the sessions of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, where he became friendly with the prominent surgeons Sir Benjamin Brodie, Sir Lawrence Green, and Sir Astley Cooper, who took an astute interest in the young German student (“Bernhard von Langenbeck,” 1967). € ttingen, von Langenbeck was Upon his return to Go appointed Docent of microscopy, physiology, and pathological anatomy. During his time as lecturer, von Langenbeck made one of his earliest contributions to the scientific field when he published a manuscript on esophageal candidiasis (thrush), which explored the details of the yeast-like, budding fungus later termed, Candida albicans (Knoke and Bernhardt, 2006). Subsequently, in 1840, at age 30, von Langenbeck was appointed professor of pathological anatomy of € ttingen and began teaching a course in surgical anatGo omy. Continually attracting more students, von Langenbeck tactfully resigned from his post hoping to avoid overshadowing his uncle, for which he had great respect (Goldwyn, 1969). Thus, in 1841, he accepted the position of professor of surgery at the University of Kiel. Though his supreme clinical competence warranted no respite, the first Schleswig-Holstein War interrupted his appointment at Kiel. With the onset of war, von
During his service in the Holstein, Austrian, and Franco-Prussian Wars, von Langenbeck was met with the enormous challenge of treating thousands of injured men, which led him to perform a large number of subperiosteal resection surgeries, which he quickly perfected (“Bernhard von Langenbeck,” 1967).This innovative surgical intervention dramatically improved the field by significantly decreasing the number of amputation procedures required. Additionally, during his time of service, von Langenbeck was also responsible for instructing classes in military surgery and further urged for both the establishment of proper sanitation and an ambulatory service for retrieval of those wounded in the field (Korting, 1887; Rehn, 1911). Moreover, he is reported to have enjoyed the challenge and rigors of battle trauma (Trendelenburg, 1902). Von Langenbeck quickly became a respected authority of gunshot wound treatment. However, his unwavering devotion to medicine was challenged when he was met with the personal tragedy of his son’s, a military officer, death. To this news he replied, “I cannot leave; my duty keeps me here. What better could have happened to him than to have died for the King and the Fatherland,” (Goldwyn, 1969).
HUMANITARIAN WORK In accompaniment with his intellectual prowess and surgical precision, von Langenbeck was also a humbled humanitarian. Quoted saying “a wounded enemy is no more an enemy, but a comrade needing help,” (Bergmann, 1888), von Langenbeck was the first to introduce the concept of maintained neutrality of the wounded (Billroth, 1887; Bergmann, 1888). With an immense appreciation for the humane care of those sick and wounded in war, von Langenbeck became a founding member and consultant advisor of the German Red Cross and further served as president of the Geneva International Convention in 1884 (“Bernhard von Langenbeck,” 1967). Provided von Langenbeck’s professional success and personal character, the University of Berlin appointed Langenbeck as staff surgeon in 1848. During the proceeding thirty-four year tenure, which ultimately marked the conclusion of his notable career, von Langenbeck founded both the German Surgical Society and Archiv fur Chirurgie Journal, and served as president to both the Berlin Medical Society and the German Surgical Congress.
974
Cesmebasi et al.
Fig. 2. Von Langenbeck surgical instruments Illustrations include scalpels (g), dissectors (e), and retractors (i). (Image from: Tiemann G. 1879. The American Armamentarium Chirurgicum. George Tiemann & Co.).
ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SURGERY His accomplishments during the named period were not limited to those described above, but rather include a conglomerate of significant contributions. In 1852, von Langenbeck introduced the first osteosynthesis device in a patient suffering from pseudoarthrosis, thereby establishing the principle of “fixateurexterne” (Beger and Gansauge, 2010). He further contributed to the field of orthopedics, in 1855, when he treated a non-union of the humerus with “screws connected by a devise designed for this purpose,” (Bartonicek, 2010). Moreover, von Langenbeck and Theodor Kocher developed the well-known and commonly utilized posterior approach for the stabilization of posterior wall fractures of the proximal femur and acetabulum (Mehlman et al., 2000). Similar to those procedures just described, the Kocher–Langenbeck approach achieved osteosynthesis in fracture victims. Von Langenbeck is also highly credited with his role in the ongoing advancement of neck dissection. Von Langenbeck and Dieffenbach further contributed to the field when they developed the first surgical technique to treat irreversible facial paralysis (Van de Graaf and Nicolai, 2008). Moreover, von Langenbeck is commonly regarded as “the father of modern day palatoplasty,” due to his early reports, which detailed the techniques of palate closure by mucoperiosteal flap elevation (Balajii, 2007). In addition to the surgical techniques for which the scientific community is forever indebted, von Langenbeck has also left the immortal masterpiece, Archiv Fur Chirurgie. Established by Langenbeck in 1860, this publication, which continues to contribute to the ongoing international communication of surgical
research, is presently defined as the world’s oldest scientific surgical journal (Beger and Gangsauge, 2010). Despite each of these advances, von Langenbeck is most remembered by his handheld surgical retractors; evident by the infamous Kocher–Langenbeck hyphenated eponym, which is still in high use today. A simple handheld surgical instrument with a flat blade bent down at right angles to the handle, this innovative tool dramatically altered the course of surgical history in its revolutionary ability to temporarily retract soft tissue. Despite those tremendous contributions characterized above, von Langenbeck’s ultimate contribution to the field of medicine was undoubtedly the pupils for which he was responsible for teaching. Responsible for the education of Billroth, Trendelenburg, Vogt, Loeffer, Maas, Colkmann, Hueter, Heine, and Stilling, to name but a few, von Langenbeck is credited for training nearly every prominent surgical operator of his time. Unfortunately, following an “attack of apoplexy,” in 1887, von Langenbeck died. A progressive inventor, professor, and surgical operator, von Langenbeck fittingly furnished his own tombstone with the motif, “Nunquam Retrorsum,” “Never Backwards,” (Goldwyn, 1969).
CONCLUSIONS With this, it is evident that Bernhard von Langenbeck is undeniably one of the world’s greatest surgeons and inventors. The influence which he exerted upon the practice of surgery, as apparent by the surgical tools and twenty-one operations credited to his
Bernhard von Langenbeck—Contributions to the Field of Medicine and Surgery name, represent the notable contributions of this amazing man. Moreover, this “genial, learned, indefatigable” man was an accomplished professor and lifelong learner (Park, 1897). Von Langenbeck continues, posthumously, to contribute to the profession of medicine through the works of his many accomplished pupils and international peer-review journal.
REFERENCES Balajii SM. 2007. Textbook of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. New Delhi: Elsevier. p 506. Bartonicek J. 2010. Early history of operative treatment of fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 130:1385–1396. Beger HG, Gangsauge F. 2010. Master of surgery in Archiv fur Chirurgie. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg 395:17–21. Bergmann E. 1888. ZurErinnerungan Bernhard v. Langenbeck. Verhandlung. Der Deutsche Gesellsch F Chir 17:1–24. 1967. Bernhard von Langenbeck (1810–1887) German Surgeon. JAMA 200:1124–1125. Billroth TB. 1887. Von Langenbeck. Wien Med Woch 37:1353– 1356. Garrison FH. 1913. An introduction to the history of medicine: with medical chronology, suggestions for study and bibliographic data. London: WB Saunders.
975
Garrison FH. 1917. An Introduction to the History of Medicine. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia and London: W.B Saunders Company. p 521–522. Goldwyn R. 1969. Bernhard von Langenbeck: His life and legacy. Plast Reconstr Surg 44:248–254. Knoke M, Bernhardt H. 2006. The first description of an oesophageal candidosis by Langenbeck in 1839. Mycoses 49:283–287. Korting V. 1887. Bernhard v. Langenbeck. D MilZeitschr 16:465–474. Mehlman CT, Meiss L, DiPasquale TG. 2000. Hyphenated-history: The Kocher-Langenbeck surgical approach. J Orthop Trauma 14: 60–64. Mumford G. 1908. Surgical Memoirs and Other Essays. New York: Moffat, Yard & Company. p 99. Park R. 1897. An Epitome of the History of Medicine. Philadelphia, New York: The F.A. Davis Company Publishers. p 264–265. Platt WB. 1894. Baron Von Langenbeck, surgeon-general of the German army, professor of surgery in the University of Berlin. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull 40:62–64. Rehn L. 1911. Die Gedachtnisrede zum Andenkenan an den 100. Geburtstag B. von Langenbeck. Arch F kiln Chir 95:743–758. Tiemann G. 1879. The American Armamentarium Chirurgicum. George Tiemann & Co. Trendelenburg F. 1902. Erinnerungen an Bernhard v. Langenbeck. D Med Woch 28:233–236. Van de Graaf RC, Nicolai JP. 2008. On the surgical treatment of facial paralysis in the early nineteenth century. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:475–480.
