This article was downloaded by: [University of Oklahoma Libraries] On: 23 January 2015, At: 20:08 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vgnt20
A Cross-Dimensional Study of Spatial Visualization in Young Children Neil J. Salkind
a
a
University of Kansas , USA Published online: 04 Sep 2012.
To cite this article: Neil J. Salkind (1976) A Cross-Dimensional Study of Spatial Visualization in Young Children, The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 129:2, 339-340, DOI: 10.1080/00221325.1976.10534048 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1976.10534048
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
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The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1976, 129,339-340.
A CROSS-DIMENSIONAL STUDY OF SPATIAL VISUALIZATION IN YOUNG CHILDREN*l University of Kansas
Downloaded by [University of Oklahoma Libraries] at 20:08 23 January 2015
NEIL
J.
SALKIND
Piaget and Inhelder suggested that children evolve from a perceptually dominated space, and in doing so begin to examine the operative aspects of knowledge.f Case found a transition in young children from a more topologically organized spatial system to the projective representation of space, supporting Piaget's original hypothesis." Few studies, however, have examined the relationship between both two- and three-dimensional stimuli in a visualization task, and the effects of dimensionality on visualization skills. The present study tested the hypothesis that with an increase in age, images formed as the result of experience in one modality (haptic), may modify perception in a second modality (visual). Ninety children were randomly selected to form six experimental groups of 15 boys and 15 girls at 6, 8, and 10 years of age. For each of 40 trials, children were simultaneously presented a picture (two dimensional visual test stimulus) and an object (three dimensional haptic standard) and were required to judge whether the picture was one of the three dimensional objects. A standard refers to a combination of 1" X 1" (wooden) blocks arranged in a specified configuration, while a test stimulus refers to a 35 mm photographic representation of a standard. Four standards were constructed, and five pictures of each standard taken from two different points of view accounted for the trial items. The criterion task required the simultaneous presentation of a standard and a test stimulus. The dependent variable was the number of times the 5's response matched the relationship between the standard and the test stimulus (match/no match). Each child * Received in the Editorial Office, Provincetown, Massachusetts, on July 3, 1975. Copyright, 1976, by The Journal Press. I Copies of reprints are available on request to the author at the address shown at the end of the article. 2 Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. The Child's Conception of Space. New York: Humanities Press, 1956. 3 Case, ]. D. Specific transactions in the development of spatial perspective-taking ability. Devel. Psychol.; 1973, 9, 167-177. 339
Downloaded by [University of Oklahoma Libraries] at 20:08 23 January 2015
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JOURNAL OF GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY
was also administered the Kohs' Block Design Test, a test of spatial visualization using blocks that are physically rotated to form selected designs. The results of the 3(age) x 2(sex) analysis of variance clearly indicate that differences existed for both main effects-age [F(2, 84) = 9.15, P < .01] and sex [F(l, 84) = 5.39, P < .05]-with boys outperforming girls. Trend analysis conducted on the age dimension indicates a positive linear trend accounting for 86.82 % of the treatment variability. A significant correlation between the Kohs' and the criterion variable was established (r = .51, P < .05). The hypothesis was supported that the ability to perform on a spatial visualization task is a developmental skill enhanced by input from the haptic sensory mode. Furthermore, the shift from concepts formed solely on the basis of concrete attributes to increasingly correct judgments based on more abstract information is apparent. The presence of sex differences may be attributable to social influences in early development, where males are encouraged more than females to interact within a more "spatially oriented" framework (blocks, building, etc.). The task, where two dimensional visual and three dimensional visual-haptic stimuli are presented simultaneously, presents the possibility of a behavioral definition of spatial visualization, as well as illustrating the child's increasing ability to make correct judgments based on some external cue or perspective.
Department of Educational Psychology School of Education Bailey Hall The University of Kansas, Lawrence Lawrence, Kansas 66045
The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vgnt20
A Cross-Dimensional Study of Spatial Visualization in Young Children Neil J. Salkind
a
a
University of Kansas , USA Published online: 04 Sep 2012.
To cite this article: Neil J. Salkind (1976) A Cross-Dimensional Study of Spatial Visualization in Young Children, The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 129:2, 339-340, DOI: 10.1080/00221325.1976.10534048 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1976.10534048
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
Downloaded by [University of Oklahoma Libraries] at 20:08 23 January 2015
Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/ page/terms-and-conditions
The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1976, 129,339-340.
A CROSS-DIMENSIONAL STUDY OF SPATIAL VISUALIZATION IN YOUNG CHILDREN*l University of Kansas
Downloaded by [University of Oklahoma Libraries] at 20:08 23 January 2015
NEIL
J.
SALKIND
Piaget and Inhelder suggested that children evolve from a perceptually dominated space, and in doing so begin to examine the operative aspects of knowledge.f Case found a transition in young children from a more topologically organized spatial system to the projective representation of space, supporting Piaget's original hypothesis." Few studies, however, have examined the relationship between both two- and three-dimensional stimuli in a visualization task, and the effects of dimensionality on visualization skills. The present study tested the hypothesis that with an increase in age, images formed as the result of experience in one modality (haptic), may modify perception in a second modality (visual). Ninety children were randomly selected to form six experimental groups of 15 boys and 15 girls at 6, 8, and 10 years of age. For each of 40 trials, children were simultaneously presented a picture (two dimensional visual test stimulus) and an object (three dimensional haptic standard) and were required to judge whether the picture was one of the three dimensional objects. A standard refers to a combination of 1" X 1" (wooden) blocks arranged in a specified configuration, while a test stimulus refers to a 35 mm photographic representation of a standard. Four standards were constructed, and five pictures of each standard taken from two different points of view accounted for the trial items. The criterion task required the simultaneous presentation of a standard and a test stimulus. The dependent variable was the number of times the 5's response matched the relationship between the standard and the test stimulus (match/no match). Each child * Received in the Editorial Office, Provincetown, Massachusetts, on July 3, 1975. Copyright, 1976, by The Journal Press. I Copies of reprints are available on request to the author at the address shown at the end of the article. 2 Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. The Child's Conception of Space. New York: Humanities Press, 1956. 3 Case, ]. D. Specific transactions in the development of spatial perspective-taking ability. Devel. Psychol.; 1973, 9, 167-177. 339
Downloaded by [University of Oklahoma Libraries] at 20:08 23 January 2015
340
JOURNAL OF GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY
was also administered the Kohs' Block Design Test, a test of spatial visualization using blocks that are physically rotated to form selected designs. The results of the 3(age) x 2(sex) analysis of variance clearly indicate that differences existed for both main effects-age [F(2, 84) = 9.15, P < .01] and sex [F(l, 84) = 5.39, P < .05]-with boys outperforming girls. Trend analysis conducted on the age dimension indicates a positive linear trend accounting for 86.82 % of the treatment variability. A significant correlation between the Kohs' and the criterion variable was established (r = .51, P < .05). The hypothesis was supported that the ability to perform on a spatial visualization task is a developmental skill enhanced by input from the haptic sensory mode. Furthermore, the shift from concepts formed solely on the basis of concrete attributes to increasingly correct judgments based on more abstract information is apparent. The presence of sex differences may be attributable to social influences in early development, where males are encouraged more than females to interact within a more "spatially oriented" framework (blocks, building, etc.). The task, where two dimensional visual and three dimensional visual-haptic stimuli are presented simultaneously, presents the possibility of a behavioral definition of spatial visualization, as well as illustrating the child's increasing ability to make correct judgments based on some external cue or perspective.
Department of Educational Psychology School of Education Bailey Hall The University of Kansas, Lawrence Lawrence, Kansas 66045
