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A child with a ventricular septal defect associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction Soumendu Pal, Dheeraj Sharma, Sandeep Khandelwal, Manuj Bansal, Sunil K. Nanda, Prabhat Dutta Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

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A 4-year-old male child was admitted with the complaints of frequent respiratory tract infection and limited exercise tolerance with easy fatigability. The child was comfortable at rest; heart rate, blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation on room air, and respiratory rate were 96/min, 90/56 mmHg, 100%, and 20/min, respectively. A systolic murmur of Grade IV/VI was audible in the left parasternal area. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed situs solitus, levocardia, a small outlet ventricular septal defect (VSD), asymmetric septal hypertrophy with a septal thickness of 13 mm at end-systole, myxomatous mitral valve (MV) with systolic anterior motion (SAM) of anterior mitral leaflet (AML) and mild mitral regurgitation (MR). The left ventricle (LV) was hypertrophied and showed good systolic function. The shunt across the VSD was left to right. Doppler assessment revealed a severe left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction with a peak gradient of 78 mmHg. There was no patent ductus arteriosus or coarctation of aorta. The child was scheduled for repair of VSD and septal myectomy to relieve the LVOT obstruction. Intra-operative TEE examination in midesophageal LV long-axis view confirmed the diagnosis of VSD and LVOT obstruction [Figure 1 and Video 1]. Deep trans-gastric long axis view showed turbulence in LVOT, concentric LV hypertrophy and asymmetric septal hypertrophy [Figure 2]. Continuous wave Doppler across LVOT in deep trans-gastric long axis view [Figure 3] showed a typical dagger-shaped, late peaking

spectral Doppler confirming dynamic LVOT obstruction with a peak gradient of 51.4 mmHg. TEE also demonstrated a sub-aortic membrane in the LVOT approximately 13 mm below the aortic valve [Figure 4]. In addition, there was associated SAM of AML [Figure 5 and Video 1]. The LVOT obstruction was considered secondary to the sub-aortic membrane, SAM of AML and asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Intra-operatively, the sub-aortic membrane [Figure 6] was excised and a careful septal myectomy was performed. The child was weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass with dopamine 5 mcg/kg/min, adequate volume status and ventricular pacing. TEE after cardiopulmonary bypass showed no residual VSD, reduced turbulence in the LVOT and mild MR. The septal thickness at end-systole was 7 mm. The SAM of AML persisted which resulted in some turbulence in the LVOT [Figure 7], but the peak LVOT gradient reduced from 51 mmHg to 28 mmHg. The child developed complete heart block on

Figure 1: Mid-esophageal left ventricle long axis view shows turbulence in left ventricular outflow tract and left to right shunt across the ventricular septal defect

Address for correspondence: Dr. Soumendu Pal, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected]

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Figure 2: Deep trans-gastric long axis view shows turbulence in left ventricular outflow tract, concentric left ventricle hypertrophy and asymmetric septal hypertrophy

Figure 4: Modified mid-esophageal left ventricle long axis view shows the sub-aortic membrane

Figure 3: Continuous wave Doppler across left ventricular outflow tract in deep trans-gastric long axis view shows a typical dagger-shaped, late peaking spectral Doppler of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with a peak gradient of 51.4 mmHg

Figure 5: Mid-esophageal left ventricle long axis view shows systolic anterior motion of anterior mitral leaflet

Figure 6: Surgical specimen shows sub-aortic membrane and resected septal muscle

Figure 7: Post-operative mid-esophageal left ventricle long axis view shows diminished turbulence in LVOT with mild MR

the 4th post-operative day and underwent permanent pacemaker implantation on the same day, the child was discharged from intensive care unit on 6th post-operative day.

Congenital LVOT obstruction occurs in 3-10% of individuals with congenital heart diseases. [1] The differential diagnosis of LVOT obstruction in children include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, discrete

Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia z Vol. 17:3 z Jul-Sep-2014

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membranous sub-aortic stenosis, tunnel-type sub-aortic stenosis, posterior deviation of infundibular septum,[2] septal chordal attachments of MV and accessory endocardial tissue attached to the AML which billow into the LVOT.[3] The jet from the narrowed sub-aortic tract damages the aortic cusps and causes regurgitation; this damage may also render the aortic valve prone to infective endocarditis.[4] The discrete membranous sub-aortic stenosis accounts for 8-10% of all cases of LVOT obstruction in children and is frequently associated with a membranous VSD.[5] The abnormal shear stress due to altered flow patterns cause abnormal proliferation of fibrous tissue, resulting in membrane formation.[6] There is controversy regarding the surgical management of LVOT obstruction secondary to SAM and asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Rayburn et al., advocate surgical myectomy and showed that it reduces turbulence in the LVOT by reshaping and enlarging it.[7] Lupinetti et al.[8] also showed that the recurrence is higher with resection of the membrane alone, when compared with resection along with adjunctive septal myectomy. Considering higher recurrence with SAM alone, we excised the sub-aortic membrane and carefully performed septal myectomy. Post-bypass TEE showed no residual VSD, mild MR, reduced turbulence in the LVOT and reduced septal thickness. The SAM of AML persisted and the peak LVOT gradient decreased from 51 mmHg to 28 mmHg. The residual gradient across the LVOT could be attributed to SAM of the myxomatous MV

tissue. However, the patient developed complete heart block and needed permanent pacemaker implantation. In view of modest residual gradient and mild MR, it was decided to treat the residual SAM conservatively. REFERENCES 1.

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Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG. Cardiac Surgery: Morphology, Diagnostic Criteria, Natural History, Techniques, Results, and Indications. 2nd ed., Vol. 2. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993. p. 1212-24. Simpson JM. Anomalies of the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic valve. In: Lai WW, Mertens LL, Cohen MS, Geva T, editors. Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, from Fetus to Adult. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. p. 298. Jonas RA. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction: Aortic valve stenosis, subaortic stenosis, supravalvular aortic stenosis. In: Jonas RA, editor. Comprehensive Surgical Management of Congenital Heart Disease. New York, USA: Oxford University Press Inc.; 2004. p. 330. Kleinert S, Ott DA, Geva T. Critical discrete subaortic stenosis in the newborn period. Am Heart J 1993;125:1187-9. Hoffman JI, Christianson R. Congenital heart disease in a cohort of 19,502 births with long-term follow-up. Am J Cardiol 1978;42:641-7. Cape EG, Vanauker MD, Sigfússon G, Tacy TA, del Nido PJ. Potential role of mechanical stress in the etiology of pediatric heart disease: Septal shear stress in subaortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:247-54. Rayburn ST, Netherland DE, Heath BJ. Discrete membranous subaortic stenosis: Improved results after resection and myectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:105-9. Lupinetti FM, Pridjian AK, Callow LB, Crowley DC, Beekman RH, Bove EL. Optimum treatment of discrete subaortic stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:467-70.

Cite this article as: Pal S, Sharma D, Khandelwal S, Bansal M, Nanda SK, Dutta P. A child with a ventricular septal defect associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Ann Card Anaesth 2014;17:242-4. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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A child with a ventricular septal defect associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.

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